9. The DHCPv6 Server¶
9.1. Starting and Stopping the DHCPv6 Server¶
It is recommended that the Kea DHCPv6 server be started and stopped
using keactrl (described in Managing Kea with keactrl); however, it is also
possible to run the server directly. It accepts the following
command-line switches:
-c file- specifies the configuration file. This is the only mandatory switch.-d- specifies whether the server logging should be switched to debug/verbose mode. In verbose mode, the logging severity and debuglevel specified in the configuration file are ignored; “debug” severity and the maximum debuglevel (99) are assumed. The flag is convenient for temporarily switching the server into maximum verbosity, e.g. when debugging.-p server-port- specifies the local UDP port on which the server will listen. This is only useful during testing, as a DHCPv6 server listening on ports other than the standard ones will not be able to handle regular DHCPv6 queries.-P client-port- specifies the remote UDP port to which the server will send all responses. This is only useful during testing, as a DHCPv6 server sending responses to ports other than the standard ones will not be able to handle regular DHCPv6 queries.-t file- specifies a configuration file to be tested. Kea-dhcp6 will load it, check it, and exit. During the test, log messages are printed to standard output and error messages to standard error. The result of the test is reported through the exit code (0 = configuration looks ok, 1 = error encountered). The check is not comprehensive; certain checks are possible only when running the server.-v- displays the Kea version and exits.-V- displays the Kea extended version with additional parameters and exits. The listing includes the versions of the libraries dynamically linked to Kea.-W- displays the Kea configuration report and exits. The report is a copy of theconfig.reportfile produced by./configure; it is embedded in the executable binary.
On startup, the server will detect available network interfaces and will attempt to open UDP sockets on all interfaces mentioned in the configuration file. Since the DHCPv6 server opens privileged ports, it requires root access. This daemon must be run as root.
During startup, the server will attempt to create a PID file of the form: [runstatedir]/kea/[conf name].kea-dhcp6.pid where:
runstatedir: The value as passed into the build configure script; it defaults to “/usr/local/var/run”. Note that this value may be overridden at runtime by setting the environment variable KEA_PIDFILE_DIR, although this is intended primarily for testing purposes.conf name: The configuration file name used to start the server, minus all preceding paths and the file extension. For example, given a pathname of “/usr/local/etc/kea/myconf.txt”, the portion used would be “myconf”.
If the file already exists and contains the PID of a live process, the server will issue a DHCP6_ALREADY_RUNNING log message and exit. It is possible, though unlikely, that the file is a remnant of a system crash and the process to which the PID belongs is unrelated to Kea. In such a case it would be necessary to manually delete the PID file.
The server can be stopped using the kill command. When running in a
console, the server can also be shut down by pressing ctrl-c. It detects
the key combination and shuts down gracefully.
9.2. DHCPv6 Server Configuration¶
9.2.1. Introduction¶
This section explains how to configure the DHCPv6 server using a configuration file. Before DHCPv6 is started, its configuration file must be created. The basic configuration is as follows:
{
# DHCPv6 configuration starts on the next line
"Dhcp6": {
# First we set up global values
"valid-lifetime": 4000,
"renew-timer": 1000,
"rebind-timer": 2000,
"preferred-lifetime": 3000,
# Next we set up the interfaces to be used by the server.
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth0" ]
},
# And we specify the type of lease database
"lease-database": {
"type": "memfile",
"persist": true,
"name": "/var/lib/kea/dhcp6.leases"
},
# Finally, we list the subnets from which we will be leasing addresses.
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:1::1-2001:db8:1::ffff"
}
]
}
]
# DHCPv6 configuration ends with the next line
}
}
The following paragraphs provide a brief overview of the parameters in the above example, along with their format. Subsequent sections of this chapter go into much greater detail for these and other parameters.
The lines starting with a hash (#) are comments and are ignored by the server; they do not impact its operation in any way.
The configuration starts in the first line with the initial opening
curly bracket (or brace). Each configuration must contain an object
specifying the configuration of the Kea module using it. In the example
above this object is called Dhcp6.
Note
In the current Kea release it is possible to specify configurations
of multiple modules within a single configuration file, but this is
not recommended and support for it will be removed in a future
release. The only object, besides the one specifying module
configuration, which can be (and usually was) included in the same file
is Logging. However, we don’t include this object in the example
above for clarity; its content, the list of loggers, should now be
inside the Dhcp6 object instead of this deprecated object.
The Dhcp6 configuration starts with the "Dhcp6": { line and ends
with the corresponding closing brace (in the above example, the brace
after the last comment). Everything defined between those lines is
considered to be the Dhcp6 configuration.
In general, the order in which those parameters appear does not matter, but there are two caveats. The first one is to remember that the configuration file must be well-formed JSON. That means that the parameters for any given scope must be separated by a comma, and there must not be a comma after the last parameter. When reordering a configuration file, keep in mind that moving a parameter to or from the last position in a given scope may also require moving the comma. The second caveat is that it is uncommon — although legal JSON — to repeat the same parameter multiple times. If that happens, the last occurrence of a given parameter in a given scope is used, while all previous instances are ignored. This is unlikely to cause any confusion as there are no real-life reasons to keep multiple copies of the same parameter in the configuration file.
The first few DHCPv6 configuration elements
define some global parameters. valid-lifetime defines how long the
addresses (leases) given out by the server are valid. If nothing
changes, a client that got an address is allowed to use it for 4000
seconds. (Note that integer numbers are specified as is, without any
quotes around them.) The address will become deprecated in 3000 seconds,
i.e. clients are allowed to keep old connections, but can’t use this
address for creating new connections. renew-timer and
rebind-timer are values (also in seconds) that define T1 and T2 timers that govern
when the client will begin the renewal and rebind procedures.
The interfaces-config map specifies the server configuration
concerning the network interfaces on which the server should listen to
the DHCP messages. The interfaces parameter specifies a list of
network interfaces on which the server should listen. Lists are opened
and closed with square brackets, with elements separated by commas. To
listen on two interfaces, the interfaces-config should look like
this:
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth0", "eth1" ]
},
The next couple of lines define the lease database, the place where the
server stores its lease information. This particular example tells the
server to use memfile, which is the simplest (and fastest) database
backend. It uses an in-memory database and stores leases on disk in a
CSV (comma-separated values) file. This is a very simple configuration; usually the lease
database configuration is more extensive and contains additional
parameters. Note that lease-database is an object and opens up a new
scope, using an opening brace. Its parameters (just one in this example:
type) follow. If there were more than one, they would be separated
by commas. This scope is closed with a closing brace. As more parameters
for the Dhcp6 definition follow, a trailing comma is present.
Finally, we need to define a list of IPv6 subnets. This is the most
important DHCPv6 configuration structure, as the server uses that
information to process clients’ requests. It defines all subnets from
which the server is expected to receive DHCP requests. The subnets are
specified with the subnet6 parameter. It is a list, so it starts and
ends with square brackets. Each subnet definition in the list has
several attributes associated with it, so it is a structure and is
opened and closed with braces. At a minimum, a subnet definition has to
have at least two parameters: subnet (which defines the whole
subnet) and pools (which is a list of dynamically allocated pools
that are governed by the DHCP server).
The example contains a single subnet. If more than one were defined,
additional elements in the subnet6 parameter would be specified and
separated by commas. For example, to define two subnets, the following
syntax would be used:
"subnet6": [
{
"pools": [ { "pool": "2001:db8:1::/112" } ],
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64"
},
{
"pools": [ { "pool": "2001:db8:2::1-2001:db8:2::ffff" } ],
"subnet": "2001:db8:2::/64"
}
]
Note that indentation is optional and is used for aesthetic purposes only. In some cases in may be preferable to use more compact notation.
After all the parameters are specified, we have two contexts open: global and Dhcp6; thus, we need two closing curly brackets to close them.
9.2.2. Lease Storage¶
All leases issued by the server are stored in the lease database. Currently there are four database backends available: memfile (which is the default backend), MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Cassandra.
9.2.2.1. Memfile - Basic Storage for Leases¶
The server is able to store lease data in different repositories. Larger deployments may elect to store leases in a database. Lease Database Configuration describes this option. In typical smaller deployments, though, the server will store lease information in a CSV file rather than a database. As well as requiring less administration, an advantage of using a file for storage is that it eliminates a dependency on third-party database software.
The configuration of the file backend (memfile) is controlled through
the Dhcp6/lease-database parameters. The type parameter is mandatory
and it specifies which storage for leases the server should use. The
value of "memfile" indicates that the file should be used as the
storage. The following list gives additional optional parameters that
can be used to configure the memfile backend.
persist: controls whether the new leases and updates to existing leases are written to the file. It is strongly recommended that the value of this parameter be set totrueat all times during the server’s normal operation. Not writing leases to disk means that if a server is restarted (e.g. after a power failure), it will not know which addresses have been assigned. As a result, it may assign new clients addresses that are already in use. The value offalseis mostly useful for performance-testing purposes. The default value of thepersistparameter istrue, which enables writing lease updates to the lease file.name: specifies an absolute location of the lease file in which new leases and lease updates will be recorded. The default value for this parameter is"[kea-install-dir]/var/lib/kea/kea-leases6.csv".lfc-interval: specifies the interval, in seconds, at which the server will perform a lease file cleanup (LFC). This removes redundant (historical) information from the lease file and effectively reduces the lease file size. The cleanup process is described in more detail later in this section. The default value of thelfc-intervalis3600. A value of 0 disables the LFC.max-row-errors: when the server loads a lease file, it is processed row by row, each row contaning a single lease. If a row is flawed and cannot be processed correctly the server will log it, discard the row, and go on to the next row. This parameter can be used to set a limit on the number of such discards that may occur after which the server will abandon the effort and exit. The default value of 0 disables the limit and allows the server to process the entire file, regardless of how many rows are discarded.
An example configuration of the memfile backend is presented below:
"Dhcp6": {
"lease-database": {
"type": "memfile",
"persist": true,
"name": "/tmp/kea-leases6.csv",
"lfc-interval": 1800,
"max-row-errors": 100
}
}
This configuration selects the /tmp/kea-leases6.csv as the storage
for lease information and enables persistence (writing lease updates to
this file). It also configures the backend to perform a periodic cleanup
of the lease file every 30 minutes and sets the maximum number of row
errors to 100.
It is important to know how the lease file contents are organized to understand why the periodic lease file cleanup is needed. Every time the server updates a lease or creates a new lease for the client, the new lease information must be recorded in the lease file. For performance reasons, the server does not update the existing client’s lease in the file, as this would potentially require rewriting the entire file. Instead, it simply appends the new lease information to the end of the file; the previous lease entries for the client are not removed. When the server loads leases from the lease file, e.g. at the server startup, it assumes that the latest lease entry for the client is the valid one. The previous entries are discarded, meaning that the server can re-construct the accurate information about the leases even though there may be many lease entries for each client. However, storing many entries for each client results in a bloated lease file and impairs the performance of the server’s startup and reconfiguration, as it needs to process a larger number of lease entries.
Lease file cleanup (LFC) removes all previous entries for each client
and leaves only the latest ones. The interval at which the cleanup is
performed is configurable, and it should be selected according to the
frequency of lease renewals initiated by the clients. The more frequent
the renewals, the smaller the value of lfc-interval should be. Note,
however, that the LFC takes time and thus it is possible (although
unlikely) that, if the lfc-interval is too short, a new cleanup may
be started while the previous one is still running. The server would
recover from this by skipping the new cleanup when it detected that the
previous cleanup was still in progress. But it implies that the actual
cleanups will be triggered more rarely than configured. Moreover,
triggering a new cleanup adds overhead to the server, which will not be
able to respond to new requests for a short period of time when the new
cleanup process is spawned. Therefore, it is recommended that the
lfc-interval value be selected in a way that allows the LFC
to complete the cleanup before a new cleanup is triggered.
Lease file cleanup is performed by a separate process (in the background) to avoid a performance impact on the server process. To avoid conflicts between two processes both using the same lease files, the LFC process starts with Kea opening a new lease file; the actual LFC process operates on the lease file that is no longer used by the server. There are also other files created as a side effect of the lease file cleanup. The detailed description of the LFC process is located later in this Kea Administrator’s Reference Manual: The LFC Process.
9.2.2.2. Lease Database Configuration¶
Note
Lease database access information must be configured for the DHCPv6 server, even if it has already been configured for the DHCPv4 server. The servers store their information independently, so each server can use a separate database or both servers can use the same database.
Lease database configuration is controlled through the Dhcp6/lease-database parameters. The database type must be set to “memfile”, “mysql”, “postgresql”, or “cql”, e.g.:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "type": "mysql", ... }, ... }
Next, the name of the database to hold the leases must be set; this is the name used when the database was created (see First-Time Creation of the MySQL Database, First-Time Creation of the PostgreSQL Database, or First-Time Creation of the Cassandra Database).
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "name": "database-name" , ... }, ... }
For Cassandra:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "keyspace": "database-name" , ... }, ... }
If the database is located on a different system from the DHCPv6 server, the database host name must also be specified:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "host": "remote-host-name", ... }, ... }
(It should be noted that this configuration may have a severe impact on server performance.)
For Cassandra, multiple contact points can be provided:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "contact-points": "remote-host-name[, ...]" , ... }, ... }
Normally, the database will be on the same machine as the DHCPv6 server. In this case, set the value to the empty string:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "host" : "", ... }, ... }
For Cassandra:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "contact-points": "", ... }, ... }
Should the database use a port other than the default, it may be specified as well:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "port" : 12345, ... }, ... }
Should the database be located on a different system, the administrator may need to specify a longer interval for the connection timeout:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "connect-timeout" : timeout-in-seconds, ... }, ... }
The default value of five seconds should be more than adequate for local connections. If a timeout is given, though, it should be an integer greater than zero.
The maximum number of times the server will automatically attempt to reconnect to the lease database after connectivity has been lost may be specified:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "max-reconnect-tries" : number-of-tries, ... }, ... }
If the server is unable to reconnect to the database after making the maximum number of attempts, the server will exit. A value of zero (the default) disables automatic recovery and the server will exit immediately upon detecting a loss of connectivity (MySQL and PostgreSQL only).
The number of milliseconds the server will wait between attempts to reconnect to the lease database after connectivity has been lost may also be specified:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "reconnect-wait-time" : number-of-milliseconds, ... }, ... }
The default value for MySQL and PostgreSQL is 0, which disables automatic recovery and causes the server to exit immediately upon detecting the loss of connectivity. The default value for Cassandra is 2000 ms.
Note
Automatic reconnection to database backends is configured individually per backend. This allows users to tailor the recovery parameters to each backend they use. We do suggest that users enable it either for all backends or none, so behavior is consistent. Losing connectivity to a backend for which reconnect is disabled will result in the server shutting itself down. This includes cases when the lease database backend and the hosts database backend are connected to the same database instance.
Note
Note that the host parameter is used by the MySQL and PostgreSQL backends. Cassandra has a concept of contact points that can be used to contact the cluster, instead of a single IP or hostname. It takes a list of comma-separated IP addresses, which may be specified as:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "contact-points" : "192.0.2.1,192.0.2.2", ... }, ... }
Finally, the credentials of the account under which the server will access the database should be set:
"Dhcp6": { "lease-database": { "user": "user-name",
"password": "password",
... },
... }
If there is no password to the account, set the password to the empty string “”. (This is also the default.)
9.2.2.3. Cassandra-Specific Parameters¶
The parameters are the same for both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6. See Cassandra-Specific Parameters for details.
9.2.3. Hosts Storage¶
Kea is also able to store information about host reservations in the database. The hosts database configuration uses the same syntax as the lease database. In fact, a Kea server opens independent connections for each purpose, be it lease or hosts information. This arrangement gives the most flexibility. Kea can keep leases and host reservations separately, but can also point to the same database. Currently the supported hosts database types are MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Cassandra.
For example, the following configuration can be used to configure a connection to MySQL:
"Dhcp6": {
"hosts-database": {
"type": "mysql",
"name": "kea",
"user": "kea",
"password": "secret123",
"host": "localhost",
"port": 3306
}
}
Note that depending on the database configuration, many of the parameters may be optional.
Please note that usage of hosts storage is optional. A user can define all host reservations in the configuration file, and that is the recommended way if the number of reservations is small. However, when the number of reservations grows, it is more convenient to use host storage. Please note that both storage methods (configuration file and one of the supported databases) can be used together. If hosts are defined in both places, the definitions from the configuration file are checked first and external storage is checked later, if necessary.
In fact, host information can be placed in multiple stores. Operations are performed on the stores in the order they are defined in the configuration file, although this leads to a restriction in ordering in the case of a host reservation addition; read-only stores must be configured after a (required) read-write store, or the addition will fail.
9.2.3.1. DHCPv6 Hosts Database Configuration¶
Hosts database configuration is controlled through the Dhcp6/hosts-database parameters. If enabled, the type of database must be set to “mysql” or “postgresql”.
"Dhcp6": { "hosts-database": { "type": "mysql", ... }, ... }
Next, the name of the database to hold the reservations must be set; this is the name used when the lease database was created (see Supported Backends for instructions on how to set up the desired database type):
"Dhcp6": { "hosts-database": { "name": "database-name" , ... }, ... }
If the database is located on a different system than the DHCPv6 server, the database host name must also be specified:
"Dhcp6": { "hosts-database": { "host": remote-host-name, ... }, ... }
(Again, it should be noted that this configuration may have a severe impact on server performance.)
Normally, the database will be on the same machine as the DHCPv6 server. In this case, set the value to the empty string:
"Dhcp6": { "hosts-database": { "host" : "", ... }, ... }
"Dhcp6": { "hosts-database": { "port" : 12345, ... }, ... }
The maximum number of times the server will automatically attempt to reconnect to the host database after connectivity has been lost may be specified:
"Dhcp6": { "host-database": { "max-reconnect-tries" : number-of-tries, ... }, ... }
If the server is unable to reconnect to the database after making the maximum number of attempts, the server will exit. A value of zero (the default) disables automatic recovery and the server will exit immediately upon detecting a loss of connectivity (MySQL and PostgreSQL only). For Cassandra, Kea uses a Cassandra interface that connects to all nodes in a cluster at the same time. Any connectivity issues should be handled by internal Cassandra mechanisms.
The number of milliseconds the server will wait between attempts to reconnect to the host database after connectivity has been lost may also be specified:
"Dhcp6": { "hosts-database": { "reconnect-wait-time" : number-of-milliseconds, ... }, ... }
The default value for MySQL and PostgreSQL is 0, which disables automatic recovery and causes the server to exit immediately upon detecting the loss of connectivity. The default value for Cassandra is 2000 ms.
Note
Automatic reconnection to database backends is configured individually per backend. This allows users to tailor the recovery parameters to each backend they use. We do suggest that users enable it either for all backends or none, so behavior is consistent. Losing connectivity to a backend for which reconnect is disabled will result in the server shutting itself down. This includes cases when the lease database backend and the hosts database backend are connected to the same database instance.
Finally, the credentials of the account under which the server will access the database should be set:
"Dhcp6": { "hosts-database": { "user": "user-name",
"password": "password",
... },
... }
If there is no password to the account, set the password to the empty string “”. (This is also the default.)
The multiple storage extension uses a similar syntax; a configuration is placed into a “hosts-databases” list instead of into a “hosts-database” entry, as in:
"Dhcp6": { "hosts-databases": [ { "type": "mysql", ... }, ... ], ... }
For additional Cassandra-specific parameters, see Cassandra-Specific Parameters.
9.2.3.2. Using Read-Only Databases for Host Reservations with DHCPv6¶
In some deployments the database user whose name is specified in the database backend configuration may not have write privileges to the database. This is often required by the policy within a given network to secure the data from being unintentionally modified. In many cases administrators have deployed inventory databases, which contain substantially more information about the hosts than just the static reservations assigned to them. The inventory database can be used to create a view of a Kea hosts database and such a view is often read-only.
Kea host database backends operate with an implicit configuration to
both read from and write to the database. If the database user does not
have write access to the host database, the backend will fail to start
and the server will refuse to start (or reconfigure). However, if access
to a read-only host database is required for retrieving reservations
for clients and/or assigning specific addresses and options, it is
possible to explicitly configure Kea to start in “read-only” mode. This
is controlled by the readonly boolean parameter as follows:
"Dhcp6": { "hosts-database": { "readonly": true, ... }, ... }
Setting this parameter to false configures the database backend to
operate in “read-write” mode, which is also the default configuration if
the parameter is not specified.
Note
The readonly parameter is currently only supported for MySQL and
PostgreSQL databases.
9.2.4. Interface Configuration¶
The DHCPv6 server must be configured to listen on specific network interfaces. The simplest network interface configuration tells the server to listen on all available interfaces:
"Dhcp6": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "*" ]
}
...
}
The asterisk plays the role of a wildcard and means “listen on all interfaces.” However, it is usually a good idea to explicitly specify interface names:
"Dhcp6": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1", "eth3" ]
},
...
}
It is possible to use a wildcard interface name (asterisk) concurrently with explicit interface names:
"Dhcp6": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1", "eth3", "*" ]
},
...
}
It is anticipated that this form of usage will only be used when it is desired to temporarily override a list of interface names and listen on all interfaces.
As with the DHCPv4 server, binding to specific addresses and disabling
re-detection of interfaces are supported. But dhcp-socket-type is
not supported, because DHCPv6 uses UDP/IPv6 sockets only. The following example
shows how to disable the interface detection:
"Dhcp6": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1", "eth3" ],
"re-detect": false
},
...
}
The loopback interfaces (i.e. the “lo” or “lo0” interface) are not configured by default, unless explicitly mentioned in the configuration. Note that Kea requires a link-local address (which does not exist on all systems) or a specified unicast address, as in:
"Dhcp6": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "enp0s2/2001:db8::1234:abcd" ]
},
...
}
9.2.5. IPv6 Subnet Identifier¶
The subnet identifier is a unique number associated with a particular subnet. In principle, it is used to associate clients’ leases with their respective subnets. When a subnet identifier is not specified for a subnet being configured, it will be automatically assigned by the configuration mechanism. The identifiers are assigned from 1 and are monotonically increased for each subsequent subnet: 1, 2, 3 ....
If there are multiple subnets configured with auto-generated identifiers and one of them is removed, the subnet identifiers may be renumbered. For example: if there are four subnets and the third is removed, the last subnet will be assigned the identifier that the third subnet had before removal. As a result, the leases stored in the lease database for subnet 3 are now associated with subnet 4, something that may have unexpected consequences. The only remedy for this issue at present is to manually specify a unique identifier for each subnet.
Note
Subnet IDs must be greater than zero and less than 4294967295.
The following configuration will assign the specified subnet identifier to a newly configured subnet:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"id": 1024,
...
}
]
}
This identifier will not change for this subnet unless the “id” parameter is removed or set to 0. The value of 0 forces auto-generation of the subnet identifier.
9.2.6. IPv6 Subnet Prefix¶
The subnet prefix is the second way to identify a subnet. It does not need to have the address part to match the prefix length, for instance this configuration is accepted:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::1/64",
...
}
]
}
Even there is another subnet with the “2001:db8:1::/64” prefix: only the textual form of subnets are compared to avoid duplicates.
Note
Abuse of this feature can lead to incorrect subnet selection (see IPv6 Subnet Selection).
9.2.7. Unicast Traffic Support¶
When the DHCPv6 server starts, by default it listens to the DHCP traffic sent to multicast address ff02::1:2 on each interface that it is configured to listen on (see Interface Configuration). In some cases it is useful to configure a server to handle incoming traffic sent to global unicast addresses as well; the most common reason for this is to have relays send their traffic to the server directly. To configure the server to listen on a specific unicast address, add a slash after the interface name, followed by the global unicast address on which the server should listen. The server will listen to this address in addition to normal link-local binding and listening on the ff02::1:2 address. The sample configuration below shows how to listen on 2001:db8::1 (a global address) configured on the eth1 interface.
"Dhcp6": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eth1/2001:db8::1" ]
},
...
"option-data": [
{
"name": "unicast",
"data": "2001:db8::1"
} ],
...
}
This configuration will cause the server to listen on eth1 on the link-local address, the multicast group (ff02::1:2), and 2001:db8::1.
Usually unicast support is associated with a server unicast option which allows clients to send unicast messages to the server. The example above includes a server unicast option specification which will cause the client to send messages to the specified unicast address.
It is possible to mix interface names, wildcards, and interface names/addresses in the list of interfaces. It is not possible, however, to specify more than one unicast address on a given interface.
Care should be taken to specify proper unicast addresses. The server will attempt to bind to the addresses specified without any additional checks. This approach was selected on purpose, to allow the software to communicate over uncommon addresses if so desired.
9.2.8. Configuration of IPv6 Address Pools¶
The main role of a DHCPv6 server is address assignment. For this, the server must be configured with at least one subnet and one pool of dynamic addresses to be managed. For example, assume that the server is connected to a network segment that uses the 2001:db8:1::/64 prefix. The administrator of that network decides that addresses from range 2001:db8:1::1 to 2001:db8:1::ffff are going to be managed by the Dhcp6 server. Such a configuration can be achieved in the following way:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:1::1-2001:db8:1::ffff"
}
],
...
}
]
}
Note that subnet is defined as a simple string, but the pools
parameter is actually a list of pools; for this reason, the pool
definition is enclosed in square brackets, even though only one range of
addresses is specified.
Each pool is a structure that contains the parameters that describe
a single pool. Currently there is only one parameter, pool, which
gives the range of addresses in the pool.
It is possible to define more than one pool in a subnet; continuing the previous example, further assume that 2001:db8:1:0:5::/80 should also be managed by the server. It could be written as 2001:db8:1:0:5:: to 2001:db8:1::5:ffff:ffff:ffff, but typing so many ‘f’s is cumbersome. It can be expressed more simply as 2001:db8:1:0:5::/80. Both formats are supported by Dhcp6 and can be mixed in the pool list. For example, one could define the following pools:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"pools": [
{ "pool": "2001:db8:1::1-2001:db8:1::ffff" },
{ "pool": "2001:db8:1:05::/80" }
],
...
}
]
}
White space in pool definitions is ignored, so spaces before and after the hyphen are optional. They can be used to improve readability.
The number of pools is not limited, but for performance reasons it is recommended to use as few as possible.
The server may be configured to serve more than one subnet. To add a second subnet, use a command similar to the following:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"pools": [
{ "pool": "2001:db8:1::1-2001:db8:1::ffff" }
]
},
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:2::/64",
"pools": [
{ "pool": "2001:db8:2::/64" }
]
},
...
]
}
In this example, we allow the server to dynamically assign all addresses available in the whole subnet. Although rather wasteful, it is certainly a valid configuration to dedicate the whole /64 subnet for that purpose. Note that the Kea server does not preallocate the leases, so there is no danger in using gigantic address pools.
When configuring a DHCPv6 server using prefix/length notation, please pay attention to the boundary values. When specifying that the server can use a given pool, it will also be able to allocate the first (typically a network address) address from that pool. For example, for pool 2001:db8:2::/64, the 2001:db8:2:: address may be assigned as well. To avoid this, use the “min-max” notation.
9.2.9. Subnet and Prefix Delegation Pools¶
Subnets may also be configured to delegate prefixes, as defined in RFC
8415, section 6.3. A subnet may
have one or more prefix delegation pools. Each pool has a prefixed
address, which is specified as a prefix (prefix) and a prefix length
(prefix-len), as well as a delegated prefix length
(delegated-len). The delegated length must not be shorter than (that
is, it must be numerically greater than or equal to) the prefix length.
If both the delegated and prefix lengths are equal, the server will be
able to delegate only one prefix. The delegated prefix does not have to
match the subnet prefix.
Below is a sample subnet configuration which enables prefix delegation for the subnet:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:d8b:1::/64",
"pd-pools": [
{
"prefix": "3000:1::",
"prefix-len": 64,
"delegated-len": 96
}
]
}
],
...
}
9.2.10. Prefix Exclude Option¶
For each delegated prefix, the delegating router may choose to exclude a single prefix out of the delegated prefix as specified in RFC 6603. The requesting router must not assign the excluded prefix to any of its downstream interfaces, and it is intended to be used on a link through which the delegating router exchanges DHCPv6 messages with the requesting router. The configuration example below demonstrates how to specify an excluded prefix within a prefix pool definition. The excluded prefix “2001:db8:1:8000:cafe:80::/72” will be sent to a requesting router which includes the Prefix Exclude option in the Option Request option (ORO), and which is delegated a prefix from this pool.
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/48",
"pd-pools": [
{
"prefix": "2001:db8:1:8000::",
"prefix-len": 48,
"delegated-len": 64,
"excluded-prefix": "2001:db8:1:8000:cafe:80::",
"excluded-prefix-len": 72
}
]
}
]
}
9.2.11. Standard DHCPv6 Options¶
One of the major features of the DHCPv6 server is the ability to provide configuration options to clients. Although there are several options that require special behavior, most options are sent by the server only if the client explicitly requests them. The following example shows how to configure the addresses of DNS servers, one of the most frequently used options. Options specified in this way are considered global and apply to all configured subnets.
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "dns-servers",
"code": 23,
"space": "dhcp6",
"csv-format": true,
"data": "2001:db8::cafe, 2001:db8::babe"
},
...
]
}
The option-data line creates a new entry in the option-data table.
This table contains information on all global options that the server is
supposed to configure in all subnets. The name line specifies the
option name. (For a complete list of currently supported names, see
List of Standard DHCPv6 Options.) The next line specifies the
option code, which must match one of the values from that list. The line
beginning with space specifies the option space, which must always
be set to “dhcp6” as these are standard DHCPv6 options. For other name
spaces, including custom option spaces, see Nested DHCPv6 Options (Custom Option Spaces). The following line
specifies the format in which the data will be entered; use of CSV
(comma-separated values) is recommended. Finally, the data line
gives the actual value to be sent to clients. The data parameter is specified as
normal text, with values separated by commas if more than one value is
allowed.
Options can also be configured as hexadecimal values. If “csv-format” is set to false, the option data must be specified as a hexadecimal string. The following commands configure the DNS-SERVERS option for all subnets with the following addresses: 2001:db8:1::cafe and 2001:db8:1::babe.
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "dns-servers",
"code": 23,
"space": "dhcp6",
"csv-format": false,
"data": "20 01 0D B8 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 CA FE
20 01 0D B8 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 BA BE"
},
...
]
}
Note
The value for the setting of the “data” element is split across two lines in this example for clarity; when entering the command, the whole string should be entered on the same line.
Kea supports the following formats when specifying hexadecimal data:
Delimited octets- one or more octets separated by either colons or spaces (‘:’ or ‘ ‘). While each octet may contain one or two digits, we strongly recommend always using two digits. Valid examples are “ab:cd:ef” and “ab cd ef”.String of digits- a continuous string of hexadecimal digits with or without a “0x” prefix. Valid examples are “0xabcdef” and “abcdef”.
Care should be taken to use proper encoding when using hexadecimal format; Kea’s ability to validate data correctness in hexadecimal is limited.
As of Kea 1.6.0, it is also possible to specify data for binary options as
a single-quoted text string within double quotes as shown (note that
csv-format must be set to false):
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "subscriber-id",
"code": 38,
"space": "dhcp6",
"csv-format": false,
"data": "'convert this text to binary'"
},
...
],
...
}
Most of the parameters in the “option-data” structure are optional and can be omitted in some circumstances, as discussed in Unspecified Parameters for DHCPv6 Option Configuration. Only one of name or code is required; it is not necessary to specify both. Space has a default value of “dhcp6”, so this can be skipped as well if a regular (not encapsulated) DHCPv6 option is defined. Finally, csv-format defaults to “true”, so it too can be skipped, unless the option value is specified as hexstring. Therefore, the above example can be simplified to:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "dns-servers",
"data": "2001:db8::cafe, 2001:db8::babe"
},
...
]
}
Defined options are added to the response when the client requests them, as well as any options required by a protocol. An administrator can also specify that an option is always sent, even if a client did not specifically request it. To enforce the addition of a particular option, set the “always-send” flag to true as in:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "dns-servers",
"data": "2001:db8::cafe, 2001:db8::babe",
"always-send": true
},
...
]
}
The effect is the same as if the client added the option code in the Option Request option (or its equivalent for vendor options), as in:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "dns-servers",
"data": "2001:db8::cafe, 2001:db8::babe",
"always-send": true
},
...
],
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "dns-servers",
"data": "2001:db8:1::cafe, 2001:db8:1::babe"
},
...
],
...
},
...
],
...
}
The DNS servers option is always added to responses (the always-send is “sticky”), but the value is the subnet one when the client is localized in the subnet.
It is possible to override options on a per-subnet basis. If clients connected to most subnets are expected to get the same values of a given option, administrators should use global options; it is possible to override specific values for a small number of subnets. On the other hand, if different values are used in each subnet, it does not make sense to specify global option values; rather, only subnet-specific ones should be set.
The following commands override the global DNS servers option for a particular subnet, setting a single DNS server with address 2001:db8:1::3.
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"option-data": [
{
"name": "dns-servers",
"code": 23,
"space": "dhcp6",
"csv-format": true,
"data": "2001:db8:1::3"
},
...
],
...
},
...
],
...
}
In some cases it is useful to associate some options with an address or prefix pool from which a client is assigned a lease. Pool-specific option values override subnet-specific and global option values. If the client is assigned multiple leases from different pools, the server will assign options from all pools from which the leases have been obtained. However, if the particular option is specified in multiple pools from which the client obtains the leases, only one instance of this option will be handed out to the client. The server’s administrator must not try to prioritize assignment of pool-specific options by trying to order pools declarations in the server configuration.
The following configuration snippet demonstrates how to specify the DNS servers option, which will be assigned to a client only if the client obtains an address from the given pool:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:1::100-2001:db8:1::300",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "dns-servers",
"data": "2001:db8:1::10"
}
]
}
]
},
...
],
...
}
Options can also be specified in class or host reservation scope. The current Kea options precedence order is (from most important): host reservation, pool, subnet, shared network, class, global.
The currently supported standard DHCPv6 options are listed in List of Standard DHCPv6 Options. “Name” and “Code” are the values that should be used as a name/code in the option-data structures. “Type” designates the format of the data; the meanings of the various types are given in List of Standard DHCP Option Types.
When a data field is a string and that string contains the comma (,; U+002C) character, the comma must be escaped with two backslashes (; U+005C). This double escape is required because both the routine splitting CSV data into fields and JSON use the same escape character; a single escape (,) would make the JSON invalid. For example, the string “EST5EDT4,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00” must be represented as:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"pools": [
{
"option-data": [
{
"name": "new-posix-timezone",
"data": "EST5EDT4\\,M3.2.0/02:00\\,M11.1.0/02:00"
}
]
},
...
],
...
},
...
],
...
}
Some options are designated as arrays, which means that more than one value is allowed in such an option. For example, the option dns-servers allows the specification of more than one IPv6 address, enabling clients to obtain the addresses of multiple DNS servers.
Custom DHCPv6 Options describes the configuration syntax to create custom option definitions (formats). Creation of custom definitions for standard options is generally not permitted, even if the definition being created matches the actual option format defined in the RFCs. There is an exception to this rule for standard options for which Kea currently does not provide a definition. In order to use such options, a server administrator must create a definition as described in Custom DHCPv6 Options in the ‘dhcp6’ option space. This definition should match the option format described in the relevant RFC, but the configuration mechanism will allow any option format as it currently has no means to validate it.
| Name | Code | Type | Array? |
|---|---|---|---|
| preference | 7 | uint8 | false |
| unicast | 12 | ipv6-address | false |
| vendor-opts | 17 | uint32 | false |
| sip-server-dns | 21 | fqdn | true |
| sip-server-addr | 22 | ipv6-address | true |
| dns-servers | 23 | ipv6-address | true |
| domain-search | 24 | fqdn | true |
| nis-servers | 27 | ipv6-address | true |
| nisp-servers | 28 | ipv6-address | true |
| nis-domain-name | 29 | fqdn | true |
| nisp-domain-name | 30 | fqdn | true |
| sntp-servers | 31 | ipv6-address | true |
| information-refresh-time | 32 | uint32 | false |
| bcmcs-server-dns | 33 | fqdn | true |
| bcmcs-server-addr | 34 | ipv6-address | true |
| geoconf-civic | 36 | record (uint8, uint16, binary) | false |
| remote-id | 37 | record (uint32, binary) | false |
| subscriber-id | 38 | binary | false |
| client-fqdn | 39 | record (uint8, fqdn) | false |
| pana-agent | 40 | ipv6-address | true |
| new-posix-timezone | 41 | string | false |
| new-tzdb-timezone | 42 | string | false |
| ero | 43 | uint16 | true |
| lq-query (1) | 44 | record (uint8, ipv6-address) | false |
| client-data (1) | 45 | empty | false |
| clt-time (1) | 46 | uint32 | false |
| lq-relay-data (1) | 47 | record (ipv6-address, binary) | false |
| lq-client-link (1) | 48 | ipv6-address | true |
| v6-lost | 51 | fqdn | false |
| capwap-ac-v6 | 52 | ipv6-address | true |
| relay-id | 53 | binary | false |
| v6-access-domain | 57 | fqdn | false |
| sip-ua-cs-list | 58 | fqdn | true |
| bootfile-url | 59 | string | false |
| bootfile-param | 60 | tuple | true |
| client-arch-type | 61 | uint16 | true |
| nii | 62 | record (uint8, uint8, uint8) | false |
| aftr-name | 64 | fqdn | false |
| erp-local-domain-name | 65 | fqdn | false |
| rsoo | 66 | empty | false |
| pd-exclude | 67 | binary | false |
| rdnss-selection | 74 | record (ipv6-address, uint8, fqdn) | true |
| client-linklayer-addr | 79 | binary | false |
| link-address | 80 | ipv6-address | false |
| solmax-rt | 82 | uint32 | false |
| inf-max-rt | 83 | uint32 | false |
| dhcp4o6-server-addr | 88 | ipv6-address | true |
| s46-rule | 89 | record (uint8, uint8, uint8, ipv4-address, ipv6-prefix) | false |
| s46-br | 90 | ipv6-address | false |
| s46-dmr | 91 | ipv6-prefix | false |
| s46-v4v6bind | 92 | record (ipv4-address, ipv6-prefix) | false |
| s46-portparams | 93 | record(uint8, psid) | false |
| s46-cont-mape | 94 | empty | false |
| s46-cont-mapt | 95 | empty | false |
| s46-cont-lw | 96 | empty | false |
| v6-captive-portal | 103 | string | false |
| ipv6-address-andsf | 143 | ipv6-address | true |
Options marked with (1) have option definitions, but the logic behind them is not implemented. That means that, technically, Kea knows how to parse them in incoming messages or how to send them if configured to do so, but not what to do with them. Since the related RFCs require certain processing, the support for those options is non-functional. However, it may be useful in some limited lab testing; hence the definition formats are listed here.
9.2.12. Common Softwire46 Options¶
Softwire46 options are involved in IPv4 over IPv6 provisioning by means of tunneling or translation as specified in RFC 7598. The following sections provide configuration examples of these options.
9.2.12.1. Softwire46 Container Options¶
Softwire46 (S46) container options group rules and optional port parameters for a specified domain. There are three container options specified in the “dhcp6” (top-level) option space: the MAP-E Container option, the MAP-T Container option, and the S46 Lightweight 4over6 Container option. These options only contain the encapsulated options specified below; they do not include any data fields.
To configure the server to send a specific container option along with all encapsulated options, the container option must be included in the server configuration as shown below:
"Dhcp6": {
...
"option-data": [
{
"name": "s46-cont-mape"
} ],
...
}
This configuration will cause the server to include the MAP-E Container option to the client. Use “s46-cont-mapt” or “s46-cont-lw” for the MAP-T Container and S46 Lightweight 4over6 Container options, respectively.
All remaining Softwire options described below are included in one of the container options. Thus, they must be included in appropriate option spaces by selecting a “space” name, which specifies in which option they are supposed to be included.
9.2.12.2. S46 Rule Option¶
The S46 Rule option is used for conveying the Basic Mapping Rule (BMR) and Forwarding Mapping Rule (FMR).
{
"space": "s46-cont-mape-options",
"name": "s46-rule",
"data": "128, 0, 24, 192.0.2.0, 2001:db8:1::/64"
}
Another possible “space” value is “s46-cont-mapt-options”.
The S46 Rule option conveys a number of parameters:
flags- an unsigned 8-bit integer, with currently only the most-significant bit specified. It denotes whether the rule can be used for forwarding (128) or not (0).ea-len- an 8-bit-long Embedded Address length. Allowed values range from 0 to 48.IPv4 prefix length- 8 bits long; expresses the prefix length of the Rule IPv4 prefix specified in the ipv4-prefix field. Allowed values range from 0 to 32.IPv4 prefix- a fixed-length 32-bit field that specifies the IPv4 prefix for the S46 rule. The bits in the prefix after a specific number of bits (defined in prefix4-len) are reserved, and MUST be initialized to zero by the sender and ignored by the receiver.IPv6 prefix- in prefix/length notation that specifies the IPv6 domain prefix for the S46 rule. The field is padded on the right with zero bits up to the nearest octet boundary, when prefix6-len is not evenly divisible by 8.
9.2.12.3. S46 BR Option¶
The S46 BR option is used to convey the IPv6 address of the Border Relay. This option is mandatory in the MAP-E Container option and is not permitted in the MAP-T and S46 Lightweight 4over6 Container options.
{
"space": "s46-cont-mape-options",
"name": "s46-br",
"data": "2001:db8:cafe::1",
}
Another possible “space” value is “s46-cont-lw-options”.
9.2.12.4. S46 DMR Option¶
The S46 DMR option is used to convey values for the Default Mapping Rule (DMR). This option is mandatory in the MAP-T container option and is not permitted in the MAP-E and S46 Lightweight 4over6 Container options.
{
"space": "s46-cont-mapt-options",
"name": "s46-dmr",
"data": "2001:db8:cafe::/64",
}
This option must not be included in other containers.
9.2.12.5. S46 IPv4/IPv6 Address Binding Option¶
The S46 IPv4/IPv6 Address Binding option may be used to specify the full or shared IPv4 address of the Customer Edge (CE). The IPv6 prefix field is used by the CE to identify the correct prefix to use for the tunnel source.
{
"space": "s46-cont-lw",
"name": "s46-v4v6bind",
"data": "192.0.2.3, 2001:db8:1:cafe::/64"
}
This option must not be included in other containers.
9.2.12.6. S46 Port Parameters¶
The S46 Port Parameters option specifies optional port-set information that MAY be provided to CEs.
{
"space": "s46-rule-options",
"name": "s46-portparams",
"data": "2, 3/4",
}
Another possible “space” value is “s46-v4v6bind”, to include this option in the S46 IPv4/IPv6 Address Binding option.
Note that the second value in the example above specifies the PSID and PSID-length fields in the format of PSID/PSID length. This is equivalent to the values of PSID-len=4 and PSID=12288 conveyed in the S46 Port Parameters option.
9.2.13. Custom DHCPv6 Options¶
Kea supports custom (non-standard) DHCPv6 options. Assume that we want to define a new DHCPv6 option called “foo” which will have code 100 and which will convey a single, unsigned, 32-bit integer value. We can define such an option by putting the following entry in the configuration file:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-def": [
{
"name": "foo",
"code": 100,
"type": "uint32",
"array": false,
"record-types": "",
"space": "dhcp6",
"encapsulate": ""
}, ...
],
...
}
The false value of the array parameter determines that the option
does NOT comprise an array of “uint32” values but is, instead, a single
value. Two other parameters have been left blank: record-types and
encapsulate. The former specifies the comma-separated list of option
data fields, if the option comprises a record of data fields. The
record-types value should be non-empty if type is set to
“record”; otherwise it must be left blank. The latter parameter
specifies the name of the option space being encapsulated by the
particular option. If the particular option does not encapsulate any
option space, the parameter should be left blank. Note that the option-def
configuration statement only defines the format of the new option and does
not set its value(s).
The name, code, and type parameters are required; all
others are optional. The array default value is false. The
record-types and encapsulate default values are blank (i.e. “”).
The default space is “dhcp6”.
Once the new option format is defined, its value is set in the same way as for a standard option. For example, the following commands set a global value that applies to all subnets.
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "foo",
"code": 100,
"space": "dhcp6",
"csv-format": true,
"data": "12345"
}, ...
],
...
}
New options can take more complex forms than simple use of primitives (uint8, string, ipv6-address, etc.); it is possible to define an option comprising a number of existing primitives.
For example, assume we want to define a new option that will consist of an IPv6 address, followed by an unsigned 16-bit integer, followed by a boolean value, followed by a text string. Such an option could be defined in the following way:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-def": [
{
"name": "bar",
"code": 101,
"space": "dhcp6",
"type": "record",
"array": false,
"record-types": "ipv6-address, uint16, boolean, string",
"encapsulate": ""
}, ...
],
...
}
The type is set to “record” to indicate that the option contains
multiple values of different types. These types are given as a
comma-separated list in the record-types field and should be ones
from those listed in List of Standard DHCP Option Types.
The values of the options are set in an option-data statement as
follows:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "bar",
"space": "dhcp6",
"code": 101,
"csv-format": true,
"data": "2001:db8:1::10, 123, false, Hello World"
}
],
...
}
csv-format is set to true to indicate that the data field
comprises a comma-separated list of values. The values in data
must correspond to the types set in the record-types field of the
option definition.
When array is set to true and type is set to “record”, the
last field is an array, i.e. it can contain more than one value, as in:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-def": [
{
"name": "bar",
"code": 101,
"space": "dhcp6",
"type": "record",
"array": true,
"record-types": "ipv6-address, uint16",
"encapsulate": ""
}, ...
],
...
}
The new option content is one IPv6 address followed by one or more 16-bit unsigned integers.
Note
In general, boolean values are specified as true or false,
without quotes. Some specific boolean parameters may accept also
"true", "false", 0, 1, "0", and "1".
9.2.14. DHCPv6 Vendor-Specific Options¶
Currently there are two option spaces defined for the DHCPv6 daemon: “dhcp6” (for the top-level DHCPv6 options) and “vendor-opts-space”, which is empty by default but in which options can be defined. Those options are carried in the Vendor-Specific Information option (code 17). The following examples show how to define an option “foo” with code 1 that consists of an IPv6 address, an unsigned 16-bit integer, and a string. The “foo” option is conveyed in a Vendor-Specific Information option, which comprises a single uint32 value that is set to “12345”. The sub-option “foo” follows the data field holding this value.
The first step is to define the format of the option:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-def": [
{
"name": "foo",
"code": 1,
"space": "vendor-opts-space",
"type": "record",
"array": false,
"record-types": "ipv6-address, uint16, string",
"encapsulate": ""
}
],
...
}
(Note that the option space is set to vendor-opts-space.) Once the
option format is defined, the next step is to define actual values for
that option:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "foo",
"space": "vendor-opts-space",
"data": "2001:db8:1::10, 123, Hello World"
},
...
],
...
}
We should also define a value (enterprise-number) for the Vendor-Specific Information option, that conveys our option “foo”.
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
...,
{
"name": "vendor-opts",
"data": "12345"
}
],
...
}
Alternatively, the option can be specified using its code.
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
...,
{
"code": 17,
"data": "12345"
}
],
...
}
9.2.15. Nested DHCPv6 Options (Custom Option Spaces)¶
It is sometimes useful to define completely new option spaces, such as when a user creates a new option to convey sub-options that use a separate numbering scheme, for example sub-options with codes 1 and 2. Those option codes conflict with standard DHCPv6 options, so a separate option space must be defined.
Note that the creation of a new option space is not required when defining sub-options for a standard option, because one is created by default if the standard option is meant to convey any sub-options (see DHCPv6 Vendor-Specific Options).
Assume that we want to have a DHCPv6 option called “container” with code 102 that conveys two sub-options with codes 1 and 2. First we need to define the new sub-options:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-def": [
{
"name": "subopt1",
"code": 1,
"space": "isc",
"type": "ipv6-address",
"record-types": "",
"array": false,
"encapsulate": ""
},
{
"name": "subopt2",
"code": 2,
"space": "isc",
"type": "string",
"record-types": "",
"array": false
"encapsulate": ""
}
],
...
}
Note that we have defined the options to belong to a new option space (in this case, “isc”).
The next step is to define a regular DHCPv6 option with the desired code and specify that it should include options from the new option space:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-def": [
...,
{
"name": "container",
"code": 102,
"space": "dhcp6",
"type": "empty",
"array": false,
"record-types": "",
"encapsulate": "isc"
}
],
...
}
The name of the option space in which the sub-options are defined is set
in the encapsulate field. The type field is set to empty,
which limits this option to only carrying data in sub-options.
Finally, we can set values for the new options:
"Dhcp6": {
"option-data": [
{
"name": "subopt1",
"code": 1,
"space": "isc",
"data": "2001:db8::abcd"
},
}
"name": "subopt2",
"code": 2,
"space": "isc",
"data": "Hello world"
},
{
"name": "container",
"code": 102,
"space": "dhcp6"
}
],
...
}
Note that it is possible to create an option which carries some data in
addition to the sub-options defined in the encapsulated option space.
For example, if the “container” option from the previous example were
required to carry a uint16 value as well as the sub-options, the
type value would have to be set to “uint16” in the option
definition. (Such an option would then have the following data
structure: DHCP header, uint16 value, sub-options.) The value specified
with the data parameter — which should be a valid integer enclosed
in quotes, e.g. “123” — would then be assigned to the uint16 field in
the “container” option.
9.2.16. Unspecified Parameters for DHCPv6 Option Configuration¶
In many cases it is not required to specify all parameters for an option configuration, and the default values can be used. However, it is important to understand the implications of not specifying some of them, as it may result in configuration errors. The list below explains the behavior of the server when a particular parameter is not explicitly specified:
name- the server requires an option name or an option code to identify an option. If this parameter is unspecified, the option code must be specified.code- the server requires either an option name or an option code to identify an option. This parameter may be left unspecified if thenameparameter is specified. However, this also requires that the particular option have a definition (either as a standard option or an administrator-created definition for the option using an ‘option-def’ structure), as the option definition associates an option with a particular name. It is possible to configure an option for which there is no definition (unspecified option format). Configuration of such options requires the use of the option code.space- if the option space is unspecified it will default to ‘dhcp6’, which is an option space holding standard DHCPv6 options.data- if the option data is unspecified it defaults to an empty value. The empty value is mostly used for the options which have no payload (boolean options), but it is legal to specify empty values for some options which carry variable-length data and for which the specification allows a length of 0. For such options, the data parameter may be omitted in the configuration.csv-format- if this value is not specified, the server will assume that the option data is specified as a list of comma-separated values to be assigned to individual fields of the DHCP option.
9.2.17. Controlling the Values Sent for T1 and T2 Times¶
According to RFC 8415, section 21.4, the recommended T1 and T2 values are 50% and 80% of the preferred lease time, respectively. Kea can be configured to send values that are specified explicitly or that are calculated as percentages of the preferred lease time. The server’s behavior is governed by a combination of configuration parameters, two of which have already been mentioned.
Beginning with Kea 1.6.0 lease preferred and valid lifetime are extended from single values to triplets with minimum, default and maximum values using:
min-preferred-lifetime- specifies the minimum preferred lifetime (optional).preferred-lifetime- specifies the default preferred lifetime.max-preferred-lifetime- specifies the maximum preferred lifetime (optional).min-valid-lifetime- specifies the minimum valid lifetime (optional).valid-lifetime- specifies the default valid lifetime.max-valid-lifetime- specifies the maximum valid lifetime (optional).
When the client does not specify lifetimes the default is used. When it specifies a lifetime using IAADDR or IAPREFIX sub option with not zero values these values are used when they are between configured minimum (lower values are round up) and maximal (larger values are round down) bounds.
To send specific, fixed values use the following two parameters:
renew-timer- specifies the value of T1 in seconds.rebind-timer- specifies the value of T2 in seconds.
Any value greater than or equal to zero may be specified for T2. When specifying T1 it must be less than T2. This flexibility is allowed to support a use case where administrators want to suppress client renewals and rebinds by deferring them beyond the lifespan of the lease. This should cause the lease to expire, rather than get renewed by clients. If T1 is specified as larger than T2, T1 will be set to zero in the outbound IA.
In the great majority of cases the values should follow this rule: T1 < T2 < preferred lifetime < valid lifetime. Alternatively, both T1 and T2 values can be configured to 0, which is a signal to DHCPv6 clients that they may renew at their own discretion. However, there are known broken client implementations in use that will start renewing immediately. Administrators who plan to use T1=T2=0 values should test first and make sure their clients behave rationally.
In some rare cases there may be a need to disable a client’s ability to renew addresses. This is undesired from a protocol perspective and should be avoided if possible. However, if necessary, administrators can configure the T1 and T2 values to be equal or greater to the valid lifetime. Be advised that this will cause clients to occasionally lose their addresses, which is generally perceived as poor service. However, there may be some rare business cases when this is desired (e.g. when it is desirable to intentionally break long-lasting connections).
Calculation of the values is controlled by the following three parameters:
calculate-tee-times- when true, T1 and T2 will be calculated as percentages of the valid lease time. It defaults to true.t1-percent- the percentage of the valid lease time to use for T1. It is expressed as a real number between 0.0 and 1.0 and must be less than t2-percent. The default value is 0.5 per RFC 8415.t2-percent- the percentage of the valid lease time to use for T2. It is expressed as a real number between 0.0 and 1.0 and must be greater than t1-percent. The default value is 0.8 per RFC 8415.
Note
In the event that both explicit values are specified and calculate-tee-times is true, the server will use the explicit values. Administrators with a setup where some subnets or share-networks will use explicit values and some will use calculated values must not define the explicit values at any level higher than where they will be used. Inheriting them from too high a scope, such as global, will cause them to have values at every level underneath (shared-networks and subnets), effectively disabling calculated values.
9.2.18. IPv6 Subnet Selection¶
The DHCPv6 server may receive requests from local (connected to the same subnet as the server) and remote (connected via relays) clients. As the server may have many subnet configurations defined, it must select an appropriate subnet for a given request.
In IPv4, the server can determine which of the configured subnets are
local, as there is a reasonable expectation that the server will have a
(global) IPv4 address configured on the interface. That assumption is not
true in IPv6; the DHCPv6 server must be able to operate while only using
link-local addresses. Therefore, an optional interface parameter is
available within a subnet definition to designate that a given subnet is
local, i.e. reachable directly over the specified interface. For
example, a server that is intended to serve a local subnet over eth0
may be configured as follows:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:beef::/48",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:beef::/48"
}
],
"interface": "eth0"
}
],
...
}
9.2.19. Rapid Commit¶
The Rapid Commit option, described in RFC
8415, is supported by the Kea
DHCPv6 server. However, support is disabled by default. It can be
enabled on a per-subnet basis using the rapid-commit parameter as
shown below:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:beef::/48",
"rapid-commit": true,
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:beef::1-2001:db8:beef::10"
}
],
}
],
...
}
This setting only affects the subnet for which rapid-commit is
set to true. For clients connected to other subnets, the server will
ignore the Rapid Commit option sent by the client and will follow the
4-way exchange procedure, i.e. respond with an Advertise for a Solicit
containing a Rapid Commit option.
9.2.20. DHCPv6 Relays¶
A DHCPv6 server with multiple subnets defined must select the appropriate subnet when it receives a request from a client. For clients connected via relays, two mechanisms are used:
The first uses the linkaddr field in the RELAY_FORW message. The name of this field is somewhat misleading in that it does not contain a link-layer address; instead, it holds an address (typically a global address) that is used to identify a link. The DHCPv6 server checks to see whether the address belongs to a defined subnet and, if it does, that subnet is selected for the client’s request.
The second mechanism is based on interface-id options. While forwarding a client’s message, relays may insert an interface-id option into the message that identifies the interface on the relay that received the message. (Some relays allow configuration of that parameter, but it is sometimes hardcoded and may range from the very simple (e.g. “vlan100”) to the very cryptic; one example seen on real hardware was “ISAM144|299|ipv6|nt:vp:1:110”). The server can use this information to select the appropriate subnet. The information is also returned to the relay, which then knows the interface to use to transmit the response to the client. For this to work successfully, the relay interface IDs must be unique within the network and the server configuration must match those values.
When configuring the DHCPv6 server, it should be noted that two similarly named parameters can be configured for a subnet:
interfacedefines which local network interface can be used to access a given subnet.interface-idspecifies the content of the interface-id option used by relays to identify the interface on the relay to which the response packet is sent.
The two are mutually exclusive; a subnet cannot be reachable both locally (direct traffic) and via relays (remote traffic). Specifying both is a configuration error and the DHCPv6 server will refuse such a configuration.
The following example configuration shows how to specify an interface-id with a value of “vlan123”:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:beef::/48",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:beef::/48"
}
],
"interface-id": "vlan123"
}
],
...
}
9.2.21. Relay-Supplied Options¶
RFC 6422 defines a mechanism called Relay-Supplied DHCP Options. In certain cases relay agents are the only entities that may have specific information, and they can insert options when relaying messages from the client to the server. The server will then do certain checks and copy those options to the response sent to the client.
There are certain conditions that must be met for the option to be included. First, the server must not provide the option itself; in other words, if both relay and server provide an option, the server always takes precedence. Second, the option must be RSOO-enabled. (RSOO is the “Relay Supplied Options option.”) IANA maintains a list of RSOO-enabled options here. However, there may be cases when system administrators want to echo other options. Kea can be instructed to treat other options as RSOO-enabled. For example, to mark options 110, 120, and 130 as RSOO-enabled, the following syntax should be used:
"Dhcp6": {
"relay-supplied-options": [ "110", "120", "130" ],
...
}
As of February 2019, only option 65 is RSOO-enabled by IANA. This option
will always be treated as such, so there is no need to explicitly mark
it. Also, when enabling standard options, it is possible to use their
names rather than their option code, e.g. use dns-servers instead of
23. See ref:dhcp6-std-options-list for the names. In
certain cases this may also work for custom options, but due to the
nature of the parser code this may be unreliable and should be avoided.
9.2.22. Client Classification in DHCPv6¶
The DHCPv6 server includes support for client classification. For a deeper discussion of the classification process see Client Classification.
In certain cases it is useful to configure the server to differentiate between DHCP client types and treat them accordingly. Client classification can be used to modify the behavior of almost any part of the DHCP message processing. Kea currently offers three mechanisms that take advantage of client classification in DHCPv6: subnet selection, address pool selection, and DHCP options assignment.
Kea can be instructed to limit access to given subnets based on class information. This is particularly useful for cases where two types of devices share the same link and are expected to be served from two different subnets. The primary use case for such a scenario is cable networks, where there are two classes of devices: the cable modem itself, which should be handed a lease from subnet A; and all other devices behind the modem, which should get a lease from subnet B. That segregation is essential to prevent overly curious users from playing with their cable modems. For details on how to set up class restrictions on subnets, see Configuring Subnets With Class Information.
When subnets belong to a shared network, the classification applies to subnet selection but not to pools; that is, a pool in a subnet limited to a particular class can still be used by clients which do not belong to the class, if the pool they are expected to use is exhausted. So the limit on access based on class information is also available at the address/prefix pool level; see Configuring Pools With Class Information, within a subnet. This is useful when segregating clients belonging to the same subnet into different address ranges.
In a similar way, a pool can be constrained to serve only known clients, i.e. clients which have a reservation, using the built-in “KNOWN” or “UNKNOWN” classes. Addresses can be assigned to registered clients without giving a different address per reservation, for instance when there are not enough available addresses. The determination whether there is a reservation for a given client is made after a subnet is selected, so it is not possible to use “KNOWN”/”UNKNOWN” classes to select a shared network or a subnet.
The process of classification is conducted in five steps. The first step is to assess an incoming packet and assign it to zero or more classes. The second step is to choose a subnet, possibly based on the class information. When the incoming packet is in the special class, “DROP, it is dropped and an debug message logged. The next step is to evaluate class expressions depending on the built-in “KNOWN”/”UNKNOWN” classes after host reservation lookup, using them for pool/pd-pool selection and assigning classes from host reservations. The list of required classes is then built and each class of the list has its expression evaluated; when it returns “true” the packet is added as a member of the class. The last step is to assign options, again possibly based on the class information. More complete and detailed information is available in Client Classification.
There are two main methods of classification. The first is automatic and relies on examining the values in the vendor class options or the existence of a host reservation. Information from these options is extracted, and a class name is constructed from it and added to the class list for the packet. The second specifies an expression that is evaluated for each packet. If the result is “true”, the packet is a member of the class.
Note
Care should be taken with client classification, as it is easy for clients that do not meet class criteria to be denied all service.
9.2.22.1. Defining and Using Custom Classes¶
The following example shows how to configure a class using an expression and a subnet using that class. This configuration defines the class named “Client_enterprise”. It is comprised of all clients whose client identifiers start with the given hex string (which would indicate a DUID based on an enterprise id of 0xAABBCCDD). Members of this class will be given an address from 2001:db8:1::0 to 2001:db8:1::FFFF and the addresses of their DNS servers set to 2001:db8:0::1 and 2001:db8:2::1.
"Dhcp6": {
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "Client_enterprise",
"test": "substring(option[1].hex,0,6) == 0x0002AABBCCDD",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "dns-servers",
"code": 23,
"space": "dhcp6",
"csv-format": true,
"data": "2001:db8:0::1, 2001:db8:2::1"
}
]
},
...
],
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"pools": [ { "pool": "2001:db8:1::-2001:db8:1::ffff" } ],
"client-class": "Client_enterprise"
}
],
...
}
This example shows a configuration using an automatically generated “VENDOR_CLASS_” class. The administrator of the network has decided that addresses in the range 2001:db8:1::1 to 2001:db8:1::ffff are to be managed by the DHCP6 server and that only clients belonging to the eRouter1.0 client class are allowed to use that pool.
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:1::-2001:db8:1::ffff"
}
],
"client-class": "VENDOR_CLASS_eRouter1.0"
}
],
...
}
9.2.22.2. Required Classification¶
In some cases it is useful to limit the scope of a class to a shared network, subnet, or pool. There are two parameters which are used to limit the scope of the class by instructing the server to evaluate test expressions when required.
The first one is the per-class only-if-required flag, which is false
by default. When it is set to true, the test expression of the class
is not evaluated at the reception of the incoming packet but later, and
only if the class evaluation is required.
The second is require-client-classes, which takes a list of class
names and is valid in shared-network, subnet, and pool scope. Classes in
these lists are marked as required and evaluated after selection of this
specific shared-network/subnet/pool and before output option processing.
In this example, a class is assigned to the incoming packet when the specified subnet is used:
"Dhcp6": {
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "Client_foo",
"test": "member('ALL')",
"only-if-required": true
},
...
],
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64"
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:1::-2001:db8:1::ffff"
}
],
"require-client-classes": [ "Client_foo" ],
...
},
...
],
...
}
Required evaluation can be used to express complex dependencies like subnet membership. It can also be used to reverse the precedence; if an option-data is set in a subnet it takes precedence over an option-data in a class. When option-data is moved to a required class and required in the subnet, a class evaluated earlier may take precedence.
Required evaluation is also available at shared-network and pool/pd-pool levels. The order in which required classes are considered is: shared-network, subnet, and (pd-)pool, i.e. in the opposite order in which option-data is processed.
9.2.23. DDNS for DHCPv6¶
As mentioned earlier, kea-dhcp6 can be configured to generate requests to the DHCP-DDNS server (referred to here as “D2”) to update DNS entries. These requests are known as Name Change Requests or NCRs. Each NCR contains the following information:
- Whether it is a request to add (update) or remove DNS entries
- Whether the change requests forward DNS updates (AAAA records), reverse DNS updates (PTR records), or both
- The Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN), lease address, and DHCID (information identifying the client associated with the FQDN)
Prior to Kea 1.7.1, all parameters for controlling DDNS were within the
global dhcp-ddns section of the kea-dhcp6. Beginning with Kea 1.7.1
DDNS related parameters were split into two groups:
- Connectivity Parameters
- These are parameters which specify where and how kea-dhcp6 connects to
and communicates with D2. These parameters can only be specified
within the top-level
dhcp-ddnssection in the kea-dhcp6 configuration. The connectivity parameters are listed below:enable-updatesserver-ipserver-portsender-ipsender-portmax-queue-sizencr-protocolncr-format"
- Behavioral Parameters
- These parameters influence behavior such as how client host names and
FQDN options are handled. They have been moved out of the
dhcp-ddnssection so that they may be specified at the global, shared-network, and/or subnet levels. Furthermore, they are inherited downward from global to shared-network to subnet. In other words, if a parameter is not specified at a given level, the value for that level comes from the level above it. The behavioral parameter as follows:ddns-send-updatesddns-override-no-updateddns-override-client-updateddns-replace-client-name"ddns-generated-prefixddns-qualifying-suffixhostname-char-sethostname-char-replacement
Note
For backward compatibility, configuration parsing will still recognize
the original behavioral parameters specified in dhcp-ddns. It will
do so by translating the parameter into its global equivalent. If a
parameter is specified both globally and in dhcp-ddns, the latter
value will be ignored. In either case, a log will be emitted explaining
what has occurred. Specifying these values within dhcp-ddns is
deprecated and support for it will be removed at some future date.
The default configuration and values would appear as follows:
"Dhcp6": {
"dhcp-ddns": {
// Connectivity parameters
"enable-updates": false,
"server-ip": "127.0.0.1",
"server-port":53001,
"sender-ip":"",
"sender-port":0,
"max-queue-size":1024,
"ncr-protocol":"UDP",
"ncr-format":"JSON"
},
// Behavioral parameters (global)
"ddns-send-updates": true,
"ddns-override-no-update": false,
"ddns-override-client-update": false,
"ddns-replace-client-name": "never",
"ddns-generated-prefix": "myhost",
"ddns-qualifying-suffix": "",
"hostname-char-set": "",
"hostname-char-replacement": ""
...
}
As of Kea 1.7.1, there are two parameters which determine if kea-dhcp6
can generate DDNS requests to D2. The existing, dhcp-ddns:enable-updates
parameter which now only controls whether kea-dhcp6 connects to D2.
And the new behavioral parameter, ddns-send-updates, which determines
if DDNS updates are enabled at a given level (i.e global, shared-network,
or subnet). The following table shows how the two parameters function
together:
| dhcp-ddns: enable-updates | Global ddns-send-udpates | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| false (default) | false | no updates at any scope |
| false | true (default) | no updates at any scope |
| true | false | updates only at scopes with a local value of true for ddns-enable-updates |
| true | true | updates at all scopes except those with a local value of false for ddns-enable-updates |
9.2.23.1. DHCP-DDNS Server Connectivity¶
For NCRs to reach the D2 server, kea-dhcp6 must be able to communicate with it. kea-dhcp6 uses the following configuration parameters to control this communication:
enable-updates- As of Kea 1.7.1, this parameter only enables- connectivity to kea-dhcp-ddns such that DDNS updates can be constructed and sent. It must be true for NCRs to be generated and sent to D2. It defaults to false.
server-ip- IP address on which D2 listens for requests. The default is the local loopback interface at address 127.0.0.1. Either an IPv4 or IPv6 address may be specified.server-port- port on which D2 listens for requests. The default value is 53001.sender-ip- the IP address which kea-dhcp6 uses to send requests to D2. The default value is blank, which instructs kea-dhcp6 to select a suitable address.sender-port- the port which kea-dhcp6 uses to send requests to D2. The default value of 0 instructs kea-dhcp6 to select a suitable port.max-queue-size- the maximum number of requests allowed to queue waiting to be sent to D2. This value guards against requests accumulating uncontrollably if they are being generated faster than they can be delivered. If the number of requests queued for transmission reaches this value, DDNS updating will be turned off until the queue backlog has been sufficiently reduced. The intent is to allow the kea-dhcp6 server to continue lease operations without running the risk that its memory usage grows without limit. The default value is 1024.ncr-protocol- the socket protocol to use when sending requests to D2. Currently only UDP is supported.ncr-format- the packet format to use when sending requests to D2. Currently only JSON format is supported.
By default, kea-dhcp-ddns is assumed to be running on the same machine as kea-dhcp6, and all of the default values mentioned above should be sufficient. If, however, D2 has been configured to listen on a different address or port, these values must be altered accordingly. For example, if D2 has been configured to listen on 2001:db8::5 port 900, the following configuration is required:
"Dhcp6": {
"dhcp-ddns": {
"server-ip": "2001:db8::5",
"server-port": 900,
...
},
...
}
9.2.23.2. When Does the kea-dhcp6 Server Generate a DDNS Request?¶
kea-dhcp6 follows the behavior prescribed for DHCP servers in RFC
4704. It is important to keep in
mind that kea-dhcp6 makes the initial decision of when and what to
update and forwards that information to D2 in the form of NCRs. Carrying
out the actual DNS updates and dealing with such things as conflict
resolution are within the purview of D2 itself
(see The DHCP-DDNS Server). This section describes when kea-dhcp6
will generate NCRs and the configuration parameters that can be used to
influence this decision. It assumes that the enable-updates
parameter is true.
Note
Currently the interface between kea-dhcp6 and D2 only supports requests which update DNS entries for a single IP address. If a lease grants more than one address, kea-dhcp6 will create the DDNS update request for only the first of these addresses.
In general, kea-dhcp6 will generate DDNS update requests when:
- A new lease is granted in response to a DHCPREQUEST;
- An existing lease is renewed but the FQDN associated with it has changed; or
- An existing lease is released in response to a DHCPRELEASE.
In the second case, lease renewal, two DDNS requests will be issued: one request to remove entries for the previous FQDN, and a second request to add entries for the new FQDN. In the last case, a lease release, a single DDNS request to remove its entries will be made.
As for the first case, the decisions involved when granting a new lease are more complex. When a new lease is granted, kea-dhcp6 will generate a DDNS update request only if the DHCPREQUEST contains the FQDN option (code 39). By default, kea-dhcp6 will respect the FQDN N and S flags specified by the client as shown in the following table:
| Client Flags:N-S | Client Intent | Server Response | Server Flags:N-S-O |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0-0 | Client wants to do forward updates, server should do reverse updates | Server generates reverse-only request | 1-0-0 |
| 0-1 | Server should do both forward and reverse updates | Server generates request to update both directions | 0-1-0 |
| 1-0 | Client wants no updates done | Server does not generate a request | 1-0-0 |
The first row in the table above represents “client delegation.” Here
the DHCP client states that it intends to do the forward DNS updates and
the server should do the reverse updates. By default, kea-dhcp6 will
honor the client’s wishes and generate a DDNS request to D2 to update
only reverse DNS data. The parameter ddns-override-client-update can be
used to instruct the server to override client delegation requests. When
this parameter is “true”, kea-dhcp6 will disregard requests for client
delegation and generate a DDNS request to update both forward and
reverse DNS data. In this case, the N-S-O flags in the server’s response
to the client will be 0-1-1 respectively.
(Note that the flag combination N=1, S=1 is prohibited according to RFC 4702. If such a combination is received from the client, the packet will be dropped by kea-dhcp6.)
To override client delegation, set the following values in the configuration file:
"Dhcp6": {
...
"ddns-override-client-update": true,
...
}
The third row in the table above describes the case in which the client
requests that no DNS updates be done. The parameter,
ddns-override-no-update, can be used to instruct the server to disregard
the client’s wishes. When this parameter is true, kea-dhcp6 will
generate DDNS update requests to kea-dhcp-ddns even if the client
requests that no updates be done. The N-S-O flags in the server’s response to
the client will be 0-1-1.
To override client delegation, issue the following commands:
"Dhcp6": {
...
"ddns-override-no-update": true,
...
}
9.2.23.3. kea-dhcp6 Name Generation for DDNS Update Requests¶
Each Name Change Request must of course include the fully qualified domain name whose DNS entries are to be affected. kea-dhcp6 can be configured to supply a portion or all of that name, based upon what it receives from the client in the DHCPREQUEST.
The default rules for constructing the FQDN that will be used for DNS entries are:
- If the DHCPREQUEST contains the client FQDN option, take the candidate name from there.
- If the candidate name is a partial (i.e. unqualified) name, then add a configurable suffix to the name and use the result as the FQDN.
- If the candidate name provided is empty, generate an FQDN using a configurable prefix and suffix.
- If the client provides neither option, then take no DNS action.
These rules can be amended by setting the ddns-replace-client-name
parameter, which provides the following modes of behavior:
never- use the name the client sent. If the client sent no name, do not generate one. This is the default mode.always- replace the name the client sent. If the client sent no name, generate one for the client.when-present- replace the name the client sent. If the client sent no name, do not generate one.when-not-present- use the name the client sent. If the client sent no name, generate one for the client.
Note
Note that in early versions of Kea, this parameter was a boolean and
permitted only values of true and false.
Boolean values have been deprecated and are no longer accepted.
Administrators currently using booleans must replace them with the
desired mode name. A value of true maps to "when-present", while
false maps to "never".
For example, to instruct kea-dhcp6 to always generate the FQDN for a
client, set the parameter ddns-replace-client-name to always as
follows:
"Dhcp6": {
...
"ddsn-replace-client-name": "always",
...
}
The prefix used in the generation of an FQDN is specified by the
ddns-generated-prefix parameter. The default value is “myhost”. To alter
its value, simply set it to the desired string:
"Dhcp6": {
...
"ddns-generated-prefix": "another.host",
...
}
The suffix used when generating an FQDN, or when qualifying a partial
name, is specified by the ddns-qualifying-suffix parameter. This
parameter has no default value; thus, it is mandatory when DDNS updates
are enabled. To set its value simply set it to the desired string:
"Dhcp6": {
...
"ddns-qualifying-suffix": "foo.example.org",
...
}
When qualifying a partial name, kea-dhcp6 will construct the name in the format:
[candidate-name].[ddns-qualifying-suffix].
where candidate-name is the partial name supplied in the DHCPREQUEST.
For example, if the FQDN domain name value is “some-computer” and the
ddsn-qualifying-suffix “example.com”, the generated FQDN is:
some-computer.example.com.
When generating the entire name, kea-dhcp6 will construct the name in the format:
[ddns-generated-prefix]-[address-text].[ddns-qualifying-suffix].
where address-text is simply the lease IP address converted to a
hyphenated string. For example, if the lease address is 3001:1::70E, the
qualifying suffix “example.com”, and the default value is used for
ddns-generated-prefix, the generated FQDN is:
myhost-3001-1–70E.example.com.
9.2.23.4. Sanitizing Client FQDN Names¶
Some DHCP clients may provide values in the name component of the FQDN option (option code 39) that contain undesirable characters. It is possible to configure kea-dhcp6 to sanitize these values. The most typical use case is ensuring that only characters that are permitted by RFC 1035 be included: A-Z, a-z, 0-9, and ‘-‘. This may be accomplished with the following two parameters:
hostname-char-set- a regular expression describing the invalid character set. This can be any valid, regular expression using POSIX extended expression syntax. Embedded nuls (0x00) will always be considered an invalid character to be replaced (or omitted).hostname-char-replacement- a string of zero or more characters with which to replace each invalid character in the host name. An empty string and will cause invalid characters to be OMITTED rather than replaced.
Note
Starting with Kea 1.7.5, the default values are as follows:
- “hostname-char-set”: “[^A-Za-z0-9.-]”,
- “hostname-char-replacement”: “”
This enables sanitizing and will omit any character that is not a letter,digit, hyphen, dot or nul.
The following configuration will replace anything other than a letter, digit, hyphen, or dot with the letter ‘x’:
"Dhcp6": {
...
"hostname-char-set": "[^A-Za-z0-9.-]",
"hostname-char-replacement": "x",
...
}
Thus, a client-supplied value of “myhost-$[123.org” would become “myhost-xx123.org”. Sanitizing is performed only on the portion of the name supplied by the client, and it is performed before applying a qualifying suffix (if one is defined and needed).
Note
The following are some considerations to keep in mind: Name sanitizing is meant to catch the more common cases of invalid characters through a relatively simple character-replacement scheme. It is difficult to devise a scheme that works well in all cases. Administrators who find they have clients with odd corner cases of character combinations that cannot be readily handled with this mechanism should consider writing a hook that can carry out sufficiently complex logic to address their needs.
Do not include dots in the hostname-char-set expression. When scrubbing FQDNs, dots are treated as delimiters and used to separate the option value into individual domain labels that are scrubbed and then re-assembled.
If clients are sending values that differ only by characters considered as invalid by the hostname-char-set, be aware that scrubbing them will yield identical values. In such cases, DDNS conflict rules will permit only one of them to register the name.
Finally, given the latitude clients have in the values they send, it is virtually impossible to guarantee that a combination of these two parameters will always yield a name that is valid for use in DNS. For example, using an empty value for hostname-char-replacement could yield an empty domain label within a name, if that label consists only of invalid characters.
Note
Since the 1.6.0 Kea release it is possible to specify hostname-char-set and/or hostname-char-replacement at the global scope. This allows to sanitize host names without requiring a dhcp-ddns entry. When a hostname-char parameter is defined at the global scope and in a dhcp-ddns entry the second (local) value is used.
9.2.24. DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6: DHCPv6 Side¶
The support of DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6 transport is described in RFC 7341 and is implemented using cooperating DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 servers. This section is about the configuration of the DHCPv6 side (the DHCPv4 side is described in DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6: DHCPv4 Side).
Note
DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6 support is experimental and the details of the inter-process communication may change; both the DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 sides should be running the same version of Kea. For instance, the support of port relay (RFC 8357) introduced an incompatible change.
There is only one specific parameter for the DHCPv6 side:
dhcp4o6-port, which specifies the first of the two consecutive ports
of the UDP sockets used for the communication between the DHCPv6 and
DHCPv4 servers. The DHCPv6 server is bound to ::1 on port and
connected to ::1 on port + 1.
Two other configuration entries are generally required: unicast traffic support (see Unicast Traffic Support) and DHCP 4o6 server address option (name “dhcp4o6-server-addr”, code 88).
The following configuration was used during some tests:
{
# DHCPv6 conf
"Dhcp6": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "eno33554984/2001:db8:1:1::1" ]
},
"lease-database": {
"type": "memfile",
"name": "leases6"
},
"preferred-lifetime": 3000,
"valid-lifetime": 4000,
"renew-timer": 1000,
"rebind-timer": 2000,
"subnet6": [ {
"subnet": "2001:db8:1:1::/64",
"interface": "eno33554984",
"pools": [ { "pool": "2001:db8:1:1::1:0/112" } ]
} ],
"dhcp4o6-port": 6767,
"option-data": [ {
"name": "dhcp4o6-server-addr",
"code": 88,
"space": "dhcp6",
"csv-format": true,
"data": "2001:db8:1:1::1"
} ],
"loggers": [ {
"name": "kea-dhcp6",
"output_options": [ {
"output": "/tmp/kea-dhcp6.log"
} ],
"severity": "DEBUG",
"debuglevel": 0
} ]
}
}
Note
Relayed DHCPv4-QUERY DHCPv6 messages are not supported.
9.2.25. Sanity Checks in DHCPv6¶
An important aspect of a well-running DHCP system is an assurance that the data remain consistent. However, in some cases it may be convenient to tolerate certain inconsistent data. For example, a network administrator that temporarily removed a subnet from a configuration would not want all the leases associated with it to disappear from the lease database. Kea has a mechanism to control sanity checks for situations such as this.
Kea supports a configuration scope called sanity-checks. It
currently allows only a single parameter, called lease-checks, which
governs the verification carried out when a new lease is loaded from a
lease file. This mechanism permits Kea to attempt to correct
inconsistent data.
Every subnet has a subnet-id value; this is how Kea internally identifies subnets. Each lease has a subnet-id parameter as well, which identifies which subnet it belongs to. However, if the configuration has changed, it is possible that a lease could exist with a subnet-id, but without any subnet that matches it. Also, it may be possible that the subnet’s configuration has changed and the subnet-id now belongs to a subnet that does not match the lease. Kea’s corrective algorithm first checks to see if there is a subnet with the subnet-id specified by the lease. If there is, it verifies whether the lease belongs to that subnet. If not, depending on the lease-checks setting, the lease is discarded, a warning is displayed, or a new subnet is selected for the lease that matches it topologically.
Since delegated prefixes do not have to belong to a subnet in which they are offered, there is no way to implement such a mechanism for IPv6 prefixes. As such, the mechanism works for IPv6 addresses only.
There are five levels which are supported:
none- do no special checks; accept the lease as is.warn- if problems are detected display a warning, but accept the lease data anyway. This is the default value.fix- if a data inconsistency is discovered, try to correct it. If the correction is not successful, the incorrect data will be inserted anyway.fix-del- if a data inconsistency is discovered, try to correct it. If the correction is not successful, reject the lease. This setting ensures the data’s correctness, but some incorrect data may be lost. Use with care.del- this is the strictest mode. If any inconsistency is detected, reject the lease. Use with care.
This feature is currently implemented for the memfile backend.
An example configuration that sets this parameter looks as follows:
"Dhcp6": {
"sanity-checks": {
"lease-checks": "fix-del"
},
...
}
9.3. Host Reservation in DHCPv6¶
There are many cases where it is useful to provide a configuration on a per-host basis. The most obvious one is to reserve a specific, static IPv6 address or/and prefix for exclusive use by a given client (host); the returning client will receive the same address or/and prefix every time, and other clients will never get that address. Another situation when host reservations are applicable is when a host has specific requirements, e.g. a printer that needs additional DHCP options or a cable modem that needs specific parameters. Yet another possible use case is to define unique names for hosts.
Note that there may be cases when a new reservation has been made for a client for an address or prefix currently in use by another client. We call this situation a “conflict.” These conflicts get resolved automatically over time as described in subsequent sections. Once the conflict is resolved, the correct client will receive the reserved configuration when it renews.
Host reservations are defined as parameters for each subnet. Each host
must be identified by either DUID or its hardware/MAC address; see
MAC/Hardware Addresses in DHCPv6 for details. There
is an optional reservations array in the subnet6 structure; each
element in that array is a structure that holds information about a
single host. In particular, the structure has an identifier that
uniquely identifies a host. In the DHCPv6 context, the identifier is
usually a DUID, but it can also be a hardware or MAC address. One or more
addresses or prefixes may also be specified, and it is possible to
specify a hostname and DHCPv6 options for a given host.
The following example shows how to reserve addresses and prefixes for specific hosts:
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/48",
"pools": [ { "pool": "2001:db8:1::/80" } ],
"pd-pools": [
{
"prefix": "2001:db8:1:8000::",
"prefix-len": 48,
"delegated-len": 64
}
],
"reservations": [
{
"duid": "01:02:03:04:05:0A:0B:0C:0D:0E",
"ip-addresses": [ "2001:db8:1::100" ]
},
{
"hw-address": "00:01:02:03:04:05",
"ip-addresses": [ "2001:db8:1::101", "2001:db8:1::102" ]
},
{
"duid": "01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:0A",
"ip-addresses": [ "2001:db8:1::103" ],
"prefixes": [ "2001:db8:2:abcd::/64" ],
"hostname": "foo.example.com"
}
]
}
]
This example includes reservations for three different clients. The first reservation is for the address 2001:db8:1::100 for a client using DUID 01:02:03:04:05:0A:0B:0C:0D:0E. The second reservation is for two addresses, 2001:db8:1::101 and 2001:db8:1::102, for a client using MAC address 00:01:02:03:04:05. Lastly, address 2001:db8:1::103 and prefix 2001:db8:2:abcd::/64 are reserved for a client using DUID 01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08:09:0A. The last reservation also assigns a hostname to this client.
Note that DHCPv6 allows a single client to lease multiple addresses and
multiple prefixes at the same time. Therefore ip-addresses and
prefixes are plural and are actually arrays. When the client sends
multiple IA options (IA_NA or IA_PD), each reserved address or prefix is
assigned to an individual IA of the appropriate type. If the number of
IAs of a specific type is lower than the number of reservations of that
type, the number of reserved addresses or prefixes assigned to the
client is equal to the number of IA_NAs or IA_PDs sent by the client;
that is, some reserved addresses or prefixes are not assigned. However,
they still remain reserved for this client and the server will not
assign them to any other client. If the number of IAs of a specific type
sent by the client is greater than the number of reserved addresses or
prefixes, the server will try to assign all reserved addresses or
prefixes to the individual IAs and dynamically allocate addresses or
prefixes to the remaining IAs. If the server cannot assign a reserved
address or prefix because it is in use, the server will select the next
reserved address or prefix and try to assign it to the client. If the
server subsequently finds that there are no more reservations that can
be assigned to the client at that moment, the server will try to assign
leases dynamically.
Making a reservation for a mobile host that may visit multiple subnets requires a separate host definition in each subnet that host is expected to visit. It is not possible to define multiple host definitions with the same hardware address in a single subnet. Multiple host definitions with the same hardware address are valid if each is in a different subnet. The reservation for a given host should include only one identifier, either DUID or hardware address; defining both for the same host is considered a configuration error.
Adding host reservations incurs a performance penalty. In principle, when a server that does not support host reservation responds to a query, it needs to check whether there is a lease for a given address being considered for allocation or renewal. The server that does support host reservation has to perform additional checks: not only whether the address is currently used (i.e., if there is a lease for it), but also whether the address could be used by someone else (i.e., if there is a reservation for it). That additional check incurs extra overhead.
9.3.1. Address/Prefix Reservation Types¶
In a typical scenario there is an IPv6 subnet defined, with a certain part of it dedicated for dynamic address allocation by the DHCPv6 server. There may be an additional address space defined for prefix delegation. Those dynamic parts are referred to as dynamic pools, address and prefix pools, or simply pools. In principle, a host reservation can reserve any address or prefix that belongs to the subnet. The reservations that specify addresses that belong to configured pools are called “in-pool reservations.” In contrast, those that do not belong to dynamic pools are called “out-of-pool reservations.” There is no formal difference in the reservation syntax and both reservation types are handled uniformly.
Kea supports global host reservations. These are reservations that are
specified at the global level within the configuration and that do not
belong to any specific subnet. Kea will still match inbound client
packets to a subnet as before, but when the subnet’s reservation mode is
set to "global", Kea will look for host reservations only among the
global reservations defined. Typically, such reservations would be used
to reserve hostnames for clients which may move from one subnet to
another.
Note
Global reservations, while useful in certain circumstances, have aspects that must be given due consideration. Please see Conflicts in DHCPv6 Reservations for more details.
9.3.2. Conflicts in DHCPv6 Reservations¶
As reservations and lease information are stored separately, conflicts may arise. Consider the following series of events: the server has configured the dynamic pool of addresses from the range of 2001:db8::10 to 2001:db8::20. Host A requests an address and gets 2001:db8::10. Now the system administrator decides to reserve address 2001:db8::10 for Host B. In general, reserving an address that is currently assigned to someone else is not recommended, but there are valid use cases where such an operation is warranted.
The server now has a conflict to resolve. If Host B boots up and requests an address, the server is not able to assign the reserved address 2001:db8::10. A naive approach would to be immediately remove the lease for Host A and create a new one for Host B. That would not solve the problem, though, because as soon as Host B gets the address, it will detect that the address is already in use (by Host A) and will send a DHCPDECLINE message. Therefore, in this situation, the server has to temporarily assign a different address from the dynamic pool (not matching what has been reserved) to Host B.
When Host A renews its address, the server will discover that the address being renewed is now reserved for someone else - Host B. The server will remove the lease for 2001:db8::10, select a new address, and create a new lease for it. It will send two addresses in its response: the old address, with lifetime set to 0 to explicitly indicate that it is no longer valid; and the new address, with a non-zero lifetime. When Host B tries to renew its temporarily assigned address, the server will detect that the existing lease does not match the reservation, so it will release the current address Host B has and will create a new lease matching the reservation. As before, the server will send two addresses: the temporarily assigned one with zeroed lifetimes, and the new one that matches the reservation with proper lifetimes set.
This recovery will succeed, even if other hosts attempt to get the reserved address. If Host C requests the address 2001:db8::10 after the reservation is made, the server will propose a different address.
This recovery mechanism allows the server to fully recover from a case where reservations conflict with existing leases; however, this procedure will take roughly take as long as the value set for renew-timer. The best way to avoid such recovery is not to define new reservations that conflict with existing leases. Another recommendation is to use out-of-pool reservations. If the reserved address does not belong to a pool, there is no way that other clients can get it.
Note
The conflict-resolution mechanism does not work for global reservations. Although the global address reservations feature may be useful in certain settings, it is generally recommended not to use global reservations for addresses. Administrators who do choose to use global reservations must manually ensure that the reserved addresses are not in dynamic pools.
9.3.3. Reserving a Hostname¶
When the reservation for a client includes the hostname, the server
will assign this hostname to the client and send it back in the Client
FQDN, if the client sent the FQDN option to the server. The reserved
hostname always takes precedence over the hostname supplied by the
client (via the FQDN option) or the autogenerated (from the IPv6
address) hostname.
The server qualifies the reserved hostname with the value of the
ddns-qualifying-suffix parameter. For example, the following subnet
configuration:
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/48",
"pools": [ { "pool": "2001:db8:1::/80" } ],
"ddns-qualifying-suffix": "example.isc.org.",
"reservations": [
{
"duid": "01:02:03:04:05:0A:0B:0C:0D:0E",
"ip-addresses": [ "2001:db8:1::100" ]
"hostname": "alice-laptop"
}
]
}
],
"dhcp-ddns": {
"enable-updates": true
}
will result in assigning the “alice-laptop.example.isc.org.” hostname to
the client using the DUID “01:02:03:04:05:0A:0B:0C:0D:0E”. If the
ddns-qualifying-suffix is not specified, the default (empty) value will
be used, and in this case the value specified as a hostname will be
treated as a fully qualified name. Thus, by leaving the
ddns-qualifying-suffix empty it is possible to qualify hostnames for
different clients with different domain names:
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/48",
"pools": [ { "pool": "2001:db8:1::/80" } ],
"reservations": [
{
"duid": "01:02:03:04:05:0A:0B:0C:0D:0E",
"ip-addresses": [ "2001:db8:1::100" ]
"hostname": "mark-desktop.example.org."
}
]
}
],
"dhcp-ddns": {
"enable-updates": true,
}
The above example results in the assignment of the “mark-desktop.example.org.” hostname to the client using the DUID “01:02:03:04:05:0A:0B:0C:0D:0E”.
9.3.4. Including Specific DHCPv6 Options in Reservations¶
Kea offers the ability to specify options on a per-host basis. These options follow the same rules as any other options. These can be standard options (see Standard DHCPv6 Options), custom options (see Custom DHCPv6 Options), or vendor-specific options (see DHCPv6 Vendor-Specific Options). The following example demonstrates how standard options can be defined.
"reservations": [
{
"duid": "01:02:03:05:06:07:08",
"ip-addresses": [ "2001:db8:1::2" ],
"option-data": [
{
"option-data": [ {
"name": "dns-servers",
"data": "3000:1::234"
},
{
"name": "nis-servers",
"data": "3000:1::234"
}
} ]
} ]
Vendor-specific options can be reserved in a similar manner:
"reservations": [
{
"duid": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",
"ip-addresses": [ "2001:db8::1" ],
"option-data": [
{
"name": "vendor-opts",
"data": 4491
},
{
"name": "tftp-servers",
"space": "vendor-4491",
"data": "3000:1::234"
} ]
} ]
Options defined at host level have the highest priority. In other words, if there are options defined with the same type on global, subnet, class, and host levels, the host-specific values will be used.
9.3.5. Reserving Client Classes in DHCPv6¶
Using Expressions in Classification explains how to configure
the server to assign classes to a client, based on the content of the
options that this client sends to the server. Host reservations
mechanisms also allow for the static assignment of classes to clients.
The definitions of these classes are placed in the Kea configuration or
a database. The following configuration snippet shows how to specify that
a client belongs to classes reserved-class1 and reserved-class2. Those
classes are associated with specific options sent to the clients which belong
to them.
{
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "reserved-class1",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "dns-servers",
"data": "2001:db8:1::50"
}
]
},
{
"name": "reserved-class2",
"option-data": [
{
"name": "nis-servers",
"data": "2001:db8:1::100"
}
]
}
],
"subnet6": [
{ "pools": [ { "pool": "2001:db8:1::/64" } ],
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/48",
"reservations": [
{
"duid": "01:02:03:04:05:06:07:08",
"client-classes": [ "reserved-class1", "reserved-class2" ]
} ]
} ]
}
In some cases the host reservations can be used in conjuction with client classes specified within the Kea configuration. In particular, when a host reservation exists for a client within a given subnet, the “KNOWN” built-in class is assigned to the client. Conversely, when there is no static assignment for the client, the “UNKNOWN” class is assigned to the client. Class expressions within the Kea configuration file can refer to “KNOWN” or “UNKNOWN” classes using using the “member” operator. For example:
{
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "dependent-class",
"test": "member('KNOWN')",
"only-if-required": true
}
]
}
Note that the only-if-required parameter is needed here to force
evaluation of the class after the lease has been allocated and thus the
reserved class has been also assigned.
Note
Be aware that the classes specified in non global host reservations
are assigned to the processed packet after all classes with the
only-if-required parameter set to false have been evaluated.
This has an implication that these classes must not depend on the
statically assigned classes from the host reservations. If there
is a need to create such dependency, the only-if-required must
be set to true for the dependent classes. Such classes are
evaluated after the static classes have been assigned to the packet.
This, however, imposes additional configuration overhead, because
all classes marked as only-if-required must be listed in the
require-client-classes list for every subnet where they are used.
Note
Client classes specified within the Kea configuration file may
depend on the classes specified within the global host reservations.
In such case the only-if-required parameter is not needed.
Refer to the Pool Selection with Client Class Reservations and
Subnet Selection with Client Class Reservations
for the specific use cases.
9.3.6. Storing Host Reservations in MySQL, PostgreSQL, or Cassandra¶
It is possible to store host reservations in MySQL, PostgreSQL, or Cassandra. See Hosts Storage for information on how to configure Kea to use reservations stored in MySQL, PostgreSQL, or Cassandra. Kea provides a dedicated hook for managing reservations in a database; section host_cmds: Host Commands provides detailed information. The Kea wiki provides some examples of how to conduct common host reservations operations.
Note
In Kea, the maximum length of an option specified per-host is arbitrarily set to 4096 bytes.
9.3.7. Fine-Tuning DHCPv6 Host Reservation¶
The host reservation capability introduces additional restrictions for the allocation engine (the component of Kea that selects an address for a client) during lease selection and renewal. In particular, three major checks are necessary. First, when selecting a new lease, it is not sufficient for a candidate lease to simply not be in use by another DHCP client; it also must not be reserved for another client. Second, when renewing a lease, an additional check must be performed to see whether the address being renewed is reserved for another client. Finally, when a host renews an address or a prefix, the server must check whether there is a reservation for this host, so the existing (dynamically allocated) address should be revoked and the reserved one be used instead.
Some of those checks may be unnecessary in certain deployments and not
performing them may improve performance. The Kea server provides the
reservation-mode configuration parameter to select the types of
reservations allowed for a particular subnet. Each reservation type has
different constraints for the checks to be performed by the server when
allocating or renewing a lease for the client. Allowed values are:
all- enables both in-pool and out-of-pool host reservation types. This setting is the default value, and is the safest and most flexible. However, as all checks are conducted, it is also the slowest. It does not check against global reservations.out-of-pool- allows only out-of-pool host reservations. With this setting in place, the server may assume that all host reservations are for addresses that do not belong to the dynamic pool. Therefore, it can skip the reservation checks when dealing with in-pool addresses, thus improving performance. Do not use this mode if any reservations use in-pool addresses. Caution is advised when using this setting; Kea does not sanity-check the reservations againstreservation-modeand misconfiguration may cause problems.global- allows only global host reservations. With this setting in place, the server searches for reservations for a client only among the defined global reservations. If an address is specified, the server skips the reservation checks carried out when dealing in other modes, thus improving performance. Caution is advised when using this setting; Kea does not sanity-check the reservations whenglobaland misconfiguration may cause problems.disabled- host reservation support is disabled. As there are no reservations, the server will skip all checks. Any reservations defined will be completely ignored. As the checks are skipped, the server may operate faster in this mode.
The parameter can be specified at global, subnet, and shared-network levels.
An example configuration that disables reservation looks as follows:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"reservation-mode": "disabled",
...
}
]
}
An example configuration using global reservations is shown below:
"Dhcp6": {
"reservation-mode": "global",
"reservations": [
{
"duid": "00:03:00:01:11:22:33:44:55:66",
"hostname": "host-one"
},
{
"duid": "00:03:00:01:99:88:77:66:55:44",
"hostname": "host-two"
}
],
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
...
}
]
}
For more details regarding global reservations, see Global Reservations in DHCPv6.
Another aspect of host reservations is the different types of identifiers. Kea currently supports two types of identifiers in DHCPv6: hardware address and DUID. This is beneficial from a usability perspective; however, there is one drawback. For each incoming packet Kea has to extract each identifier type and then query the database to see if there is a reservation by this particular identifier. If nothing is found, the next identifier is extracted and the next query is issued. This process continues until either a reservation is found or all identifier types have been checked. Over time, with an increasing number of supported identifier types, Kea would become slower and slower.
To address this problem, a parameter called
host-reservation-identifiers is available. It takes a list of
identifier types as a parameter. Kea will check only those identifier
types enumerated in host-reservation-identifiers. From a performance
perspective, the number of identifier types should be kept to a minimum,
ideally one. If the deployment uses several reservation types, please
enumerate them from most- to least-frequently used, as this increases
the chances of Kea finding the reservation using the fewest queries. An
example of host reservation identifiers looks as follows:
"host-reservation-identifiers": [ "duid", "hw-address" ],
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
...
}
]
If not specified, the default value is:
"host-reservation-identifiers": [ "hw-address", "duid" ]
9.3.8. Global Reservations in DHCPv6¶
In some deployments, such as mobile, clients can roam within the network and certain parameters must be specified regardless of the client’s current location. To facilitate such a need, a global reservation mechanism has been implemented. The idea behind it is that regular host reservations are tied to specific subnets, by using a specific subnet-id. Kea can specify a global reservation that can be used in every subnet that has global reservations enabled.
This feature can be used to assign certain parameters, such as hostname or other dedicated, host-specific options. It can also be used to assign addresses or prefixes. However, global reservations that assign either of these bypass the whole topology determination provided by DHCP logic implemented in Kea. It is very easy to misuse this feature and get a configuration that is inconsistent. To give a specific example, imagine a global reservation for an address 2001:db8:1111::1 and two subnets 2001:db8:1111::/48 and 2001:db8:ffff::/48. If global reservations are used in both subnets and a device matching global host reservations visits part of the network that is covered by 2001:db8:ffff::/48, it will get an IP address 2001:db8:ffff::1, which will be outside of the prefix announced by its local router using Router Advertisements. Such a configuration is unusable or, at the very least, riddled with issues, such as downlink traffic not reaching the device.
To use global host reservations, a configuration similar to the following can be used:
"Dhcp6:" {
# This specifies global reservations.
# They will apply to all subnets that
# have global reservations enabled.
"reservations": [
{
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff",
"hostname": "hw-host-dynamic"
},
{
"hw-address": "01:02:03:04:05:06",
"hostname": "hw-host-fixed",
# Use of IP address in global reservation is risky.
# If used outside of matching subnet, such as 3001::/64,
# it will result in a broken configuration being handed
# to the client.
"ip-address": "2001:db8:ff::77"
},
{
"duid": "01:02:03:04:05",
"hostname": "duid-host"
}
],
"valid-lifetime": 600,
"subnet4": [ {
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"reservation-mode": "global",
"pools": [ { "pool": "2001:db8:1::-2001:db8:1::100" } ]
} ]
}
When using database backends, the global host reservations are distinguished from regular reservations by using subnet-id value of zero.
9.3.9. Pool Selection with Client Class Reservations¶
Client classes can be specified both in the Kea configuration file and/or
host reservations. The classes specified in the Kea configuration file are
evaluated immediately after receiving the DHCP packet and therefore can be
used to influence subnet selection using the client-class parameter
specified in the subnet scope. The classes specified within the host
reservations are fetched and assigned to the packet after the server has
already selected a subnet for the client. This means that the client
class specified within a host reservation cannot be used to influence
subnet assignment for this client, unless the subnet belongs to a
shared network. If the subnet belongs to a shared network, the server may
dynamically change the subnet assignment while trying to allocate a lease.
If the subnet does not belong to a shared network, once selected, the subnet
is not changed.
If the subnet does not belong to a shared network, it is possible to use host reservation based client classification to select an address pool within the subnet as follows:
"Dhcp6": {
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "reserved_class"
},
{
"name": "unreserved_class",
"test": "not member('reserved_class')"
}
],
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"reservations": [{"
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:fe",
"client-classes": [ "reserved_class" ]
}],
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:1::10-2001:db8:1::20",
"client-class": "reserved_class"
},
{
"pool": "2001:db8:1::30-2001:db8:1::40",
"client-class": "unreserved_class"
}
]
}
]
}
The reserved_class is declared without the test parameter because
it may be only assigned to the client via host reservation mechanism. The
second class, unreserved_class, is assigned to the clients which do not
belong to the reserved_class. The first pool within the subnet is only
used for the clients having a reservation for the reserved_class. The
second pool is used for the clients not having such reservation. The
configuration snippet includes one host reservation which causes the client
having the MAC address of aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:fe to be assigned to the
reserved_class. Thus, this client will be given an IP address from the
first address pool.
9.3.10. Subnet Selection with Client Class Reservations¶
There is one specific use case when subnet selection may be influenced by client classes specified within host reservations. This is the case when the client belongs to a shared network. In such case it is possible to use classification to select a subnet within this shared network. Consider the following example:
"Dhcp6": {
"client-classes": [
{
"name": "reserved_class"
},
{
"name: "unreserved_class",
"test": "not member('reserved_class")
}
],
"reservations": [{"
"hw-address": "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:fe",
"client-classes": [ "reserved_class" ]
}],
"reservation-mode": "global",
"shared-networks": [{
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:1::10-2001:db8:1::20",
"client-class": "reserved_class"
}
]
},
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:2::/64",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:2::10-2001:db8:2::20",
"client-class": "unreserved_class"
}
]
}
]
}]
}
This is similar to the example described in the
Pool Selection with Client Class Reservations. This time, however, there
are two subnets, each of them having a pool associated with a different
class. The clients which don’t have a reservation for the reserved_class
will be assigned an address from the subnet 2001:db8:2::/64. Clients having
a reservation for the reserved_class will be assigned an address from
the subnet 2001:db8:1::/64. The subnets must belong to the same shared network.
In addition, the reservation for the client class must be specified at the
global scope (global reservation) and the reservation-mode must be
set to global.
In the example above the client-class could also be specified at the
subnet level rather than pool level yielding the same effect.
9.5. Server Identifier in DHCPv6¶
The DHCPv6 protocol uses a “server identifier” (also known as a DUID) to allow clients to discriminate between several servers present on the same link. RFC 8415 currently defines four DUID types: DUID-LLT, DUID-EN, DUID-LL, and DUID-UUID.
The Kea DHCPv6 server generates a server identifier once, upon the first startup, and stores it in a file. This identifier is not modified across restarts of the server and so is a stable identifier.
Kea follows the recommendation from RFC 8415 to use DUID-LLT as the default server identifier. However, ISC has received reports that some deployments require different DUID types, and there is a need to administratively select both the DUID type and/or its contents.
The server identifier can be configured using parameters within the
server-id map element in the global scope of the Kea configuration
file. The following example demonstrates how to select DUID-EN as a
server identifier:
"Dhcp6": {
"server-id": {
"type": "EN"
},
...
}
Currently supported values for the type parameter are: “LLT”, “EN”, and
“LL”, for DUID-LLT, DUID-EN, and DUID-LL respectively.
When a new DUID type is selected, the server generates its value and replaces any existing DUID in the file. The server then uses the new server identifier in all future interactions with the clients.
Note
If the new server identifier is created after some clients have obtained their leases, the clients using the old identifier are not able to renew the leases; the server will ignore messages containing the old server identifier. Clients will continue sending Renew until they transition to the rebinding state. In this state, they will start sending Rebind messages to the multicast address without a server identifier. The server will respond to the Rebind messages with a new server identifier, and the clients will associate the new server identifier with their leases. Although the clients will be able to keep their leases and will eventually learn the new server identifier, this will be at the cost of an increased number of renewals and multicast traffic due to a need to rebind. Therefore, it is recommended that modification of the server identifier type and value be avoided if the server has already assigned leases and these leases are still valid.
There are cases when an administrator needs to explicitly specify a DUID value rather than allow the server to generate it. The following example demonstrates how to explicitly set all components of a DUID-LLT.
"Dhcp6": {
"server-id": {
"type": "LLT",
"htype": 8,
"identifier": "A65DC7410F05",
"time": 2518920166
},
...
}
where:
htypeis a 16-bit unsigned value specifying hardware type,identifieris a link-layer address, specified as a string of hexadecimal digits, andtimeis a 32-bit unsigned time value.
The hexadecimal representation of the DUID generated as a result of the configuration specified above is:
00:01:00:08:96:23:AB:E6:A6:5D:C7:41:0F:05
|type |htype| time | identifier |
A special value of 0 for “htype” and “time” is allowed, which indicates that the server should use ANY value for these components. If the server already uses a DUID-LLT, it will use the values from this DUID; if the server uses a DUID of a different type or doesn’t yet use any DUID, it will generate these values. Similarly, if the “identifier” is assigned an empty string, the value of the identifier will be generated. Omitting any of these parameters is equivalent to setting them to those special values.
For example, the following configuration:
"Dhcp6": {
"server-id": {
"type": "LLT",
"htype": 0,
"identifier": "",
"time": 2518920166
},
...
}
indicates that the server should use ANY link-layer address and hardware type. If the server is already using DUID-LLT, it will use the link-layer address and hardware type from the existing DUID. If the server is not yet using any DUID, it will use the link-layer address and hardware type from one of the available network interfaces. The server will use an explicit value of time; if it is different than a time value present in the currently used DUID, that value will be replaced, effectively modifying the current server identifier.
The following example demonstrates an explicit configuration of a DUID-EN:
"Dhcp6": {
"server-id": {
"type": "EN",
"enterprise-id": 2495,
"identifier": "87ABEF7A5BB545"
},
...
}
where:
enterprise-idis a 32-bit unsigned value holding an enterprise number, andidentifieris a variable- length identifier within DUID-EN.
The hexadecimal representation of the DUID-EN created according to the configuration above is:
00:02:00:00:09:BF:87:AB:EF:7A:5B:B5:45
|type | ent-id | identifier |
As in the case of the DUID-LLT, special values can be used for the
configuration of the DUID-EN. If the enterprise-id is 0, the server
will use a value from the existing DUID-EN. If the server is not using
any DUID or the existing DUID has a different type, the ISC enterprise
id will be used. When an empty string is entered for identifier, the
identifier from the existing DUID-EN will be used. If the server is not
using any DUID-EN, a new 6-byte-long identifier will be generated.
DUID-LL is configured in the same way as DUID-LLT except that the
time parameter has no effect for DUID-LL, because this DUID type
only comprises a hardware type and link-layer address. The following
example demonstrates how to configure DUID-LL:
"Dhcp6": {
"server-id": {
"type": "LL",
"htype": 8,
"identifier": "A65DC7410F05"
},
...
}
which will result in the following server identifier:
00:03:00:08:A6:5D:C7:41:0F:05
|type |htype| identifier |
The server stores the generated server identifier in the following location: [kea-install-dir]/var/lib/kea/kea-dhcp6-serverid.
In some uncommon deployments where no stable storage is available, the
server should be configured not to try to store the server identifier.
This choice is controlled by the value of the persist boolean
parameter:
"Dhcp6": {
"server-id": {
"type": "EN",
"enterprise-id": 2495,
"identifier": "87ABEF7A5BB545",
"persist": false
},
...
}
The default value of the “persist” parameter is true, which
configures the server to store the server identifier on a disk.
In the example above, the server is configured not to store the generated server identifier on a disk. But if the server identifier is not modified in the configuration, the same value will be used after server restart, because the entire server identifier is explicitly specified in the configuration.
9.6. DHCPv6 data directory¶
The Kea DHCPv6 server puts the server identifier file and the default
memory lease file into its data directory. By default this directory is
prefix/var/lib/kea but this location can be changed using the
data-directory global parameter as in:
"Dhcp6": {
"data-directory": "/var/tmp/kea-server6",
...
}
9.7. Stateless DHCPv6 (Information-Request Message)¶
Typically DHCPv6 is used to assign both addresses and options. These assignments (leases) have a state that changes over time, hence their description as stateful. DHCPv6 also supports a stateless mode, where clients request configuration options only. This mode is considered lightweight from the server perspective, as it does not require any state tracking, and carries the stateless name.
The Kea server supports stateless mode. Clients can send Information-Request messages and the server sends back answers with the requested options, providing the options are available in the server configuration. The server attempts to use per-subnet options first; if that fails for any reason, it then tries to provide options defined in the global scope.
Stateless and stateful mode can be used together. No special configuration directives are required to handle this; simply use the configuration for stateful clients and the stateless clients will get only the options they requested.
This usage of global options allows for an interesting case. It is possible to run a server that provides only options and no addresses or prefixes. If the options have the same value in each subnet, the configuration can define required options in the global scope and skip subnet definitions altogether. Here’s a simple example of such a configuration:
"Dhcp6": {
"interfaces-config": {
"interfaces": [ "ethX" ]
},
"option-data": [ {
"name": "dns-servers",
"data": "2001:db8::1, 2001:db8::2"
} ],
"lease-database": {
"type": "memfile"
}
}
This very simple configuration provides DNS server information to all clients in the network, regardless of their location. Note the specification of the memfile lease database; this is needed as Kea requires a lease database to be specified even if it is not used.
9.8. Support for RFC 7550 (now part of RFC 8415)¶
RFC 7550 introduced some changes to the previous DHCPv6 specifications, RFC 3315 and RFC 3633, to resolve a few issues with the coexistence of multiple stateful options in the messages sent between clients and servers. Those changes were later included in the most recent DHCPv6 protocol specification, RFC 8415, which obsoleted RFC 7550. Kea supports RFC 8415 along with these protocol changes, which are briefly described below.
When a client, such as a requesting router, requests an allocation of both addresses and prefixes during the 4-way (SARR) exchange with the server, and the server is not configured to allocate any prefixes but it can allocate some addresses, it will respond with the IA_NA(s) containing allocated addresses and the IA_PD(s) containing the NoPrefixAvail status code. According to the updated specifications, if the client can operate without prefixes it should accept allocated addresses and transition to the “bound” state. When the client subsequently sends Renew/Rebind messages to the server, according to the T1 and T2 times, to extend the lifetimes of the allocated addresses, and if the client is still interested in obtaining prefixes from the server, it may also include an IA_PD in the Renew/Rebind to request allocation of the prefixes. If the server still cannot allocate the prefixes, it will respond with the IA_PD(s) containing the NoPrefixAvail status code. However, if the server can allocate the prefixes it will allocate and send them in the IA_PD(s) to the client. A similar situation occurs when the server is unable to allocate addresses for the client but can delegate prefixes. The client may request allocation of the addresses while renewing the delegated prefixes. Allocating leases for other IA types while renewing existing leases is by default supported by the Kea DHCPv6 server, and the server provides no configuration mechanisms to disable this behavior.
The following are the other behaviors first introduced in RFC 7550 (now part of RFC 8415) and supported by the Kea DHCPv6 server:
- Set T1/T2 timers to the same value for all stateful (IA_NA and IA_PD) options to facilitate renewal of all of a client’s leases at the same time (in a single message exchange).
- Place NoAddrsAvail and NoPrefixAvail status codes in the IA_NA and IA_PD options in the Advertise message, rather than as the top-level options.
9.9. Using a Specific Relay Agent for a Subnet¶
The relay must have an interface connected to the link on which the clients are being configured. Typically the relay has a global IPv6 address configured on that interface, which belongs to the subnet from which the server will assign addresses. Normally, the server is able to use the IPv6 address inserted by the relay (in the link-addr field in RELAY-FORW message) to select the appropriate subnet.
However, that is not always the case. The relay address may not match the subnet in certain deployments. This usually means that there is more than one subnet allocated for a given link. The two most common examples where this is the case are long-lasting network renumbering (where both old and new address space is still being used) and a cable network. In a cable network, both cable modems and the devices behind them are physically connected to the same link, yet they use distinct addressing. In such a case, the DHCPv6 server needs additional information (like the value of the interface-id option or the IPv6 address inserted in the link-addr field in the RELAY-FORW message) to properly select an appropriate subnet.
The following example assumes that there is a subnet 2001:db8:1::/64 that is accessible via a relay that uses 3000::1 as its IPv6 address. The server is able to select this subnet for any incoming packets that come from a relay that has an address in the 2001:db8:1::/64 subnet. It also selects that subnet for a relay with address 3000::1.
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:1::1-2001:db8:1::ffff"
}
],
"relay": {
"ip-addresses": [ "3000::1" ]
}
}
]
}
If “relay” is specified, the “ip-addresses” parameter within it is mandatory.
Note
The current version of Kea uses the “ip-addresses” parameter, which supports specifying a list of addresses.
9.10. Segregating IPv6 Clients in a Cable Network¶
In certain cases, it is useful to mix relay address information (introduced in Using a Specific Relay Agent for a Subnet), with client classification, explained in Client Classification. One specific example is in a cable network, where modems typically get addresses from a different subnet than all the devices connected behind them.
Let us assume that there is one CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System) with one CM MAC (a physical link that modems are connected to). We want the modems to get addresses from the 3000::/64 subnet, while everything connected behind the modems should get addresses from another subnet (2001:db8:1::/64). The CMTS that acts as a relay uses address 3000::1. The following configuration can serve that configuration:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [
{
"subnet": "3000::/64",
"pools": [
{ "pool": "3000::2 - 3000::ffff" }
],
"client-class": "VENDOR_CLASS_docsis3.0",
"relay": {
"ip-addresses": [ "3000::1" ]
}
},
{
"subnet": "2001:db8:1::/64",
"pools": [
{
"pool": "2001:db8:1::1-2001:db8:1::ffff"
}
],
"relay": {
"ip-addresses": [ "3000::1" ]
}
}
]
}
9.11. MAC/Hardware Addresses in DHCPv6¶
MAC/hardware addresses are available in DHCPv4 messages from the clients, and administrators frequently use that information to perform certain tasks like per-host configuration and address reservation for specific MAC addresses. Unfortunately, the DHCPv6 protocol does not provide any completely reliable way to retrieve that information. To mitigate that issue, a number of mechanisms have been implemented in Kea. Each of these mechanisms works in certain cases, but may fail in others. Whether the mechanism works in a particular deployment is somewhat dependent on the network topology and the technologies used.
Kea allows specification of which of the supported methods should be
used and in what order. This configuration may be considered a fine
tuning of the DHCP deployment. In a typical deployment the default value
of "any" is sufficient and there is no need to select specific
methods. Changing the value of this parameter is most useful in
cases when an administrator wants to disable certain methods; for
example, if the administrator trusts the network infrastructure more
than the information provided by the clients themselves, they may prefer
information provided by the relays over that provided by clients.
The configuration is controlled by the mac-sources parameter as
follows:
"Dhcp6": {
"mac-sources": [ "method1", "method2", "method3", ... ],
"subnet6": [ ... ],
...
}
When not specified, a special value of “any” is used, which instructs the server to attempt to try all the methods in sequence and use the value returned by the first one that succeeds. If specified, it must have at least one value.
Supported methods are:
any- not an actual method, just a keyword that instructs Kea to try all other methods and use the first one that succeeds. This is the default operation if nomac-sourcesare defined.raw- in principle, a DHCPv6 server could use raw sockets to receive incoming traffic and extract MAC/hardware address information. This is currently not implemented for DHCPv6 and this value has no effect.duid- DHCPv6 uses DUID identifiers instead of MAC addresses. There are currently four DUID types defined, and two of them (DUID-LLT, which is the default, and DUID-LL) convey MAC address information. Although RFC 8415 forbids it, it is possible to parse those DUIDs and extract necessary information from them. This method is not completely reliable, as clients may use other DUID types, namely DUID-EN or DUID-UUID.ipv6-link-local- another possible acquisition method comes from the source IPv6 address. In typical usage, clients are sending their packets from IPv6 link-local addresses. There is a good chance that those addresses are based on EUI-64, which contains a MAC address. This method is not completely reliable, as clients may use other link-local address types. In particular, privacy extensions, defined in RFC 4941, do not use MAC addresses. Also note that successful extraction requires that the address’s u-bit must be set to 1 and its g-bit set to 0, indicating that it is an interface identifier as per RFC 2373, section 2.5.1.client-link-addr-option- one extension defined to alleviate missing MAC issues is the client link-layer address option, defined in RFC 6939. This is an option that is inserted by a relay and contains information about a client’s MAC address. This method requires a relay agent that supports the option and is configured to insert it. This method is useless for directly connected clients. This parameter can also be specified asrfc6939, which is an alias forclient-link-addr-option.remote-id- RFC 4649 defines a remote-id option that is inserted by a relay agent. Depending on the relay agent configuration, the inserted option may convey the client’s MAC address information. This parameter can also be specified asrfc4649, which is an alias forremote-id.subscriber-id- Another option that is somewhat similar to the previous one is subscriber-id, defined in RFC 4580. It, too, is inserted by a relay agent that is configured to insert it. This parameter can also be specified asrfc4580, which is an alias forsubscriber-id. This method is currently not implemented.docsis-cmts- Yet another possible source of MAC address information are the DOCSIS options inserted by a CMTS that acts as a DHCPv6 relay agent in cable networks. This method attempts to extract MAC address information from sub-option 1026 (cm mac) of the vendor-specific option with vendor-id=4491. This vendor option is extracted from the relay-forward message, not the original client’s message.docsis-modem- The final possible source of MAC address information are the DOCSIS options inserted by the cable modem itself. This method attempts to extract MAC address information from sub-option 36 (device id) of the vendor-specific option with vendor-id=4491. This vendor option is extracted from the original client’s message, not from any relay options.
Empty mac-sources is not allowed. Administrators who do not want to specify it should either simply omit the mac-sources definition or specify it with the “any” value, which is the default.
9.12. Duplicate Addresses (DECLINE Support)¶
The DHCPv6 server is configured with a certain pool of addresses that it is expected to hand out to DHCPv6 clients. It is assumed that the server is authoritative and has complete jurisdiction over those addresses. However, for various reasons, such as misconfiguration or a faulty client implementation that retains its address beyond the valid lifetime, there may be devices connected that use those addresses without the server’s approval or knowledge.
Such an unwelcome event can be detected by legitimate clients (using Duplicate Address Detection) and reported to the DHCPv6 server using a DHCPDECLINE message. The server will do a sanity check (to see whether the client declining an address really was supposed to use it), and then will conduct a clean-up operation and confirm it by sending back a REPLY message. Any DNS entries related to that address will be removed, the fact will be logged, and hooks will be triggered. After that is complete, the address will be marked as declined (which indicates that it is used by an unknown entity and thus not available for assignment) and a probation time will be set on it. Unless otherwise configured, the probation period lasts 24 hours; after that period, the server will recover the lease (i.e. put it back into the available state) and the address will be available for assignment again. It should be noted that if the underlying issue of a misconfigured device is not resolved, the duplicate-address scenario will repeat. If reconfigured correctly, this mechanism provides an opportunity to recover from such an event automatically, without any system administrator intervention.
To configure the decline probation period to a value other than the default, the following syntax can be used:
"Dhcp6": {
"decline-probation-period": 3600,
"subnet6": [ ... ],
...
}
The parameter is expressed in seconds, so the example above will instruct the server to recycle declined leases after one hour.
There are several statistics and hook points associated with the Decline handling procedure. The lease6_decline hook is triggered after the incoming DHCPDECLINE message has been sanitized and the server is about to decline the lease. The declined-addresses statistic is increased after the hook returns (both global and subnet-specific variants). (See Statistics in the DHCPv6 Server and Hooks Libraries for more details on DHCPv6 statistics and Kea hook points.)
Once the probation time elapses, the declined lease is recovered using the standard expired-lease reclamation procedure, with several additional steps. In particular, both declined-addresses statistics (global and subnet-specific) are decreased. At the same time, reclaimed-declined-addresses statistics (again in two variants, global and subnet-specific) are increased.
A note about statistics: The server does not decrease the assigned-addresses statistics when a DHCPDECLINE message is received and processed successfully. While technically a declined address is no longer assigned, the primary usage of the assigned-addresses statistic is to monitor pool utilization. Most people would forget to include declined-addresses in the calculation, and simply use assigned-addresses/total-addresses. This would cause a bias towards under-representing pool utilization. As this has a potential for major issues, ISC decided not to decrease assigned-addresses immediately after receiving DHCPDECLINE, but to do it later when Kea recovers the address back to the available pool.
9.13. Statistics in the DHCPv6 Server¶
Note
This section describes DHCPv6-specific statistics. For a general overview and usage of statistics, see Statistics.
The DHCPv6 server supports the following statistics:
| Statistic | Data Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| pkt6-received | integer | Number of DHCPv6 packets received. This includes all packets: valid, bogus, corrupted, rejected, etc. This statistic is expected to grow rapidly. |
| pkt6-receive-drop | integer | Number of incoming packets that were dropped. The exact reason for dropping packets is logged, but the most common reasons may be: an unacceptable or not supported packet type is received, direct responses are forbidden, the server-id sent by the client does not match the server’s server-id, or the packet is malformed. |
| pkt6-parse-failed | integer | Number of incoming packets that could not be parsed. A non-zero value of this statistic indicates that the server received a malformed or truncated packet. This may indicate problems in the network, faulty clients, faulty relay agents, or a bug in the server. |
| pkt6-solicit-received | integer | Number of SOLICIT packets received. This statistic is expected to grow; its increase means that clients that just booted started their configuration process and their initial packets reached the Kea server. |
| pkt6-advertise-received | integer | Number of ADVERTISE packets received. Advertise packets are sent by the server and the server is never expected to receive them. A non-zero value of this statistic indicates an error occurring in the network. One likely cause would be a misbehaving relay agent that incorrectly forwards ADVERTISE messages towards the server, rather than back to the clients. |
| pkt6-request-received | integer | Number of DHCPREQUEST packets received. This statistic is expected to grow. Its increase means that clients that just booted received the server’s response (DHCPADVERTISE) and accepted it, and are now requesting an address (DHCPREQUEST). |
| pkt6-reply-received | integer | Number of REPLY packets received. This statistic is expected to remain zero at all times, as REPLY packets are sent by the server and the server is never expected to receive them. A non-zero value indicates an error. One likely cause would be a misbehaving relay agent that incorrectly forwards REPLY messages towards the server, rather than back to the clients. |
| pkt6-renew-received | integer | Number of RENEW packets received. This statistic is expected to grow; its increase means that clients received their addresses and prefixes and are trying to renew them. |
| pkt6-rebind-received | integer | Number of REBIND packets received. A non-zero value indicates that clients did not receive responses to their RENEW messages (through the regular lease-renewal mechanism) and are attempting to find any server that is able to take over their leases. It may mean that some servers’ REPLY messages never reached the clients. |
| pkt6-release-received | integer | Number of RELEASE packets received. This statistic is expected to grow when a device is being shut down in the network; it indicates that the address or prefix assigned is reported as no longer needed. Note that many devices, especially wireless, do not send RELEASE packets either because of design choice or due to the client moving out of range. |
| pkt6-decline-received | integer | Number of DECLINE packets received. This statistic is expected to remain close to zero. Its increase means that a client leased an address, but discovered that the address is currently used by an unknown device in the network. If this statistic is growing, it may indicate a misconfigured server or devices that have statically assigned conflicting addresses. |
| pkt6-infrequest-received | integer | Number of INFORMATION-REQUEST packets received. This statistic is expected to grow if there are devices that are using stateless DHCPv6. INFORMATION-REQUEST messages are used by clients that request stateless configuration, i.e. options and parameters other than addresses or prefixes. |
| pkt6-dhcpv4-query-received | integer | Number of DHCPv4-QUERY packets received. This statistic is expected to grow if there are devices that are using DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6. DHCPv4-QUERY messages are used by DHCPv4 clients on an IPv6-only line which encapsulates the requests over DHCPv6. |
| pkt6-dhcpv4-response-received | integer | Number of DHCPv4-RESPONSE packets received. This statistic is expected to remain zero at all times, as DHCPv4-RESPONSE packets are sent by the server and the server is never expected to receive them. A non-zero value indicates an error. One likely cause would be a misbehaving relay agent that incorrectly forwards DHCPv4-RESPONSE message towards the server rather than back to the clients. |
| pkt6-unknown-received | integer | Number of packets received of an unknown type. A non-zero value of this statistic indicates that the server received a packet that it wasn’t able to recognize; either it had an unsupported type or was possibly malformed. |
| pkt6-sent | integer | Number of DHCPv6 packets sent. This statistic is expected to grow every time the server transmits a packet. In general, it should roughly match pkt6-received, as most incoming packets cause the server to respond. There are exceptions (e.g. server receiving a REQUEST with server-id matching other server), so do not worry if it is less than pkt6-received. |
| pkt6-advertise-sent | integer | Number of ADVERTISE packets sent. This statistic is expected to grow in most cases after a SOLICIT is processed. There are certain uncommon, but valid, cases where incoming SOLICIT packets are dropped, but in general this statistic is expected to be close to pkt6-solicit-received. |
| pkt6-reply-sent | integer | Number of REPLY packets sent. This statistic is expected to grow in most cases after a SOLICIT (with rapid-commit), REQUEST, RENEW, REBIND, RELEASE, DECLINE, or INFORMATION-REQUEST is processed. There are certain cases where there is no response. |
| pkt6-dhcpv4-response-sent | integer | Number of DHCPv4-RESPONSE packets sent. This statistic is expected to grow in most cases after a DHCPv4-QUERY is processed. There are certain cases where there is no response. |
| subnet[id].total-nas | integer | Total number of NA addresses available for DHCPv6 management for a given subnet; in other words, this is the sum of all addresses in all configured pools. This statistic changes only during configuration changes. Note that it does not take into account any addresses that may be reserved due to host reservation. The id is the subnet-id of a given subnet. This statistic is exposed for each subnet separately, and is reset during a reconfiguration event. |
| subnet[id].assigned-nas | integer | Number of NA addresses in a given subnet that are assigned. It increases every time a new lease is allocated (as a result of receiving a REQUEST message) and is decreased every time a lease is released (a RELEASE message is received) or expires. The id is the subnet-id of a given subnet. This statistic is exposed for each subnet separately, and is reset during a reconfiguration event. |
| subnet[id].total-pds | integer | Total number of PD prefixes available for DHCPv6 management for a given subnet; in other words, this is the sum of all prefixes in all configured pools. This statistic changes only during configuration changes. Note it does not take into account any prefixes that may be reserved due to host reservation. The id is the subnet-id of a given subnet. This statistic is exposed for each subnet separately, and is reset during a reconfiguration event. |
| subnet[id].assigned-pds | integer | Number of PD prefixes in a given subnet that are assigned. It increases every time a new lease is allocated (as a result of receiving a REQUEST message) and is decreased every time a lease is released (a RELEASE message is received) or expires. The id is the subnet-id of a given subnet. This statistic is exposed for each subnet separately, and is reset during a reconfiguration event. |
| reclaimed-leases | integer | Number of expired leases that have been reclaimed since server startup. It is incremented each time an expired lease is reclaimed (counting both NA and PD reclamations) and is reset when the server is reconfigured. |
| subnet[id].reclaimed-leases | integer | Number of expired leases associated with a given subnet (“id” is the subnet-id) that have been reclaimed since server startup. It is incremented each time an expired lease is reclaimed (counting both NA and PD reclamations) and is reset when the server is reconfigured. |
| declined-addresses | integer | Number of IPv6 addresses that are currently declined; a count of the number of leases currently unavailable. Once a lease is recovered, this statistic will be decreased; ideally, this statistic should be zero. If this statistic is non-zero or increasing, a network administrator should investigate whether there is a misbehaving device in the network. This is a global statistic that covers all subnets. |
| subnet[id].declined-addresses | integer | Number of IPv6 addresses that are currently declined in a given subnet; a count of the number of leases currently unavailable. Once a lease is recovered, this statistic will be decreased; ideally, this statistic should be zero. If this statistic is non-zero or increasing, a network administrator should investigate whether there is a misbehaving device in the network. The id is the subnet-id of a given subnet. This statistic is exposed for each subnet separately. |
| reclaimed-declined-addresses | integer | Number of IPv6 addresses that were declined, but have now been recovered. Unlike declined-addresses, this statistic never decreases. It can be used as a long-term indicator of how many actual valid Declines were processed and recovered from. This is a global statistic that covers all subnets. |
| subnet[id].reclaimed-declined-addresses | integer | Number of IPv6 addresses that were declined, but have now been recovered. Unlike declined-addresses, this statistic never decreases. It can be used as a long-term indicator of how many actual valid Declines were processed and recovered from. The id is the subnet-id of a given subnet. This statistic is exposed for each subnet separately. |
9.14. Management API for the DHCPv6 Server¶
The management API allows the issuing of specific management commands, such as statistics retrieval, reconfiguration, or shutdown. For more details, see Management API. Currently, the only supported communication channel type is UNIX stream socket. By default there are no sockets open; to instruct Kea to open a socket, the following entry in the configuration file can be used:
"Dhcp6": {
"control-socket": {
"socket-type": "unix",
"socket-name": "/path/to/the/unix/socket"
},
"subnet6": [
...
],
...
}
The length of the path specified by the socket-name parameter is
restricted by the maximum length for the UNIX socket name on the administrator’s
operating system, i.e. the size of the sun_path field in the
sockaddr_un structure, decreased by 1. This value varies on
different operating systems between 91 and 107 characters. Typical
values are 107 on Linux and 103 on FreeBSD.
Communication over the control channel is conducted using JSON structures. See the Control Channel section in the Kea Developer’s Guide for more details.
The DHCPv6 server supports the following operational commands:
- build-report
- config-get
- config-reload
- config-set
- config-test
- config-write
- dhcp-disable
- dhcp-enable
- leases-reclaim
- list-commands
- shutdown
- status-get
- version-get
as described in Commands Supported by Both the DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 Servers. In addition, it supports the following statistics-related commands:
- statistic-get
- statistic-reset
- statistic-remove
- statistic-get-all
- statistic-reset-all
- statistic-remove-all
- statistic-sample-age-set
- statistic-sample-age-set-all
- statistic-sample-count-set
- statistic-sample-count-set-all
as described in Commands for Manipulating Statistics.
9.15. User Contexts in IPv6¶
Kea allows loading hook libraries that can sometimes benefit from additional parameters. If such a parameter is specific to the whole library, it is typically defined as a parameter for the hook library. However, sometimes there is a need to specify parameters that are different for each pool.
See Comments and User Context for additional background regarding the user context idea. See User Contexts in Hooks for a discussion from the hooks perspective.
User contexts can be specified at global scope, shared network, subnet, pool, client class, option data, or definition level, and via host reservation. One other useful feature is the ability to store comments or descriptions.
Let’s consider a lightweight 4over6 deployment as an example. It is an IPv6 transition technology that allows mapping IPv6 prefixes into full or partial IPv4 addresses. In the DHCP context, these are specific parameters that are supposed to be delivered to clients in the form of additional options. Values of these options are correlated to delegated prefixes, so it is reasonable to keep these parameters together with the PD pool. On the other hand, lightweight 4over6 is not a commonly used feature, so it is not a part of the base Kea code. The solution to this problem is to specify a user context. For each PD pool that is expected to be used for lightweight 4over6, a user context with extra parameters is defined. Those extra parameters will be used by a hook library and loaded only when dynamic calculation of the lightweight 4over6 option is actually needed. An example configuration looks as follows:
"Dhcp6": {
"subnet6": [ {
"pd-pools": [
{
"prefix": "2001:db8::",
"prefix-len": 56,
"delegated-len": 64,
# This is a pool specific context.
"user-context": {
"threshold-percent": 85,
"v4-network": "192.168.0.0/16",
"v4-overflow": "10.0.0.0/16",
"lw4over6-sharing-ratio": 64,
"lw4over6-v4-pool": "192.0.2.0/24",
"lw4over6-sysports-exclude": true,
"lw4over6-bind-prefix-len": 56
}
} ],
"subnet": "2001:db8::/32",
# This is a subnet-specific context. Any type of
# information can be entered here as long as it is valid JSON.
"user-context": {
"comment": "Those v4-v6 migration technologies are tricky.",
"experimental": true,
"billing-department": 42,
"contact-points": [ "Alice", "Bob" ]
}
} ],
...
}
Kea does not interpret or use the user context information; it simply stores it and makes it available to the hook libraries. It is up to each hook library to extract that information and use it. The parser translates a “comment” entry into a user context with the entry, which allows a comment to be attached inside the configuration itself.
9.16. Supported DHCPv6 Standards¶
The following standards are currently supported:
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6, RFC 3315: Supported messages are SOLICIT, ADVERTISE, REQUEST, RELEASE, RENEW, REBIND, INFORMATION-REQUEST, CONFIRM, DECLINE and REPLY. The only not supported message is RECONFIGURE.
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPv6) Options for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Servers, RFC 3319: All defined options are supported.
- IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6, RFC 3633: Supported options are IA_PD and IA_PREFIX. Also supported is the status code NoPrefixAvail.
- DNS Configuration options for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6), RFC 3646: All defined options are supported.
- Stateless Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Service for IPv6, RFC 3736: The server operation in stateless mode is supported. Kea is currently server only, so the client side is not implemented.
- Information Refresh Time Option for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6), RFC 4242: The sole defined option (information-refresh-time) is supported.
- The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Relay Agent Remote-ID Option, RFC 4649: REMOTE-ID option is supported.
- Resolution of Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Conflicts among Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Clients, RFC 4703: The DHCPv6 server uses DHCP-DDNS server to resolve conflicts.
- The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Client Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Option, RFC 4704: Supported option is CLIENT_FQDN.
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Option for Dual-Stack Lite, RFC 6334: the AFTR-Name DHCPv6 Option is supported.
- Relay-Supplied DHCP Options, RFC 6422: Full functionality is supported: OPTION_RSOO, ability of the server to echo back the options, checks whether an option is RSOO-enabled, ability to mark additional options as RSOO-enabled.
- Prefix Exclude Option for DHCPv6-based Prefix Delegation, RFC 6603: Prefix Exclude option is supported.
- Client Link-Layer Address Option in DHCPv6, RFC 6939: Supported option is client link-layer address option.
- Issues and Recommendations with Multiple Stateful DHCPv6 Options, RFC 7550: All recommendations related to the DHCPv6 server operation are supported.
- DHCPv6 Options for Configuration of Softwire Address and Port-Mapped Clients, RFC 7598: All options indicated in this specification are supported by the DHCPv6 server.
- Generalized UDP Source Port for DHCP Relay, RFC 8357: The Kea server is able to handle Relay Source Port option in a received Relay-Forward message, remembers the UDP port and sends back Relay-Reply with a copy of the option to the relay agent using this UDP port.
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6), RFC 8415: New DHCPv6 protocol specification which obsoletes RFC 3315, RFC 3633, RFC 3736, RFC 4242, RFC 7083, RFC 7283, and RFC 7550. All features, with the exception of Reconfigure mechanism and the now deprecated temporary addresses (IA_TA) mechanism, are supported.
9.17. DHCPv6 Server Limitations¶
These are the current limitations of the DHCPv6 server software. Most of them are reflections of the current stage of development and should be treated as “not implemented yet”, rather than actual limitations.
- The server will allocate, renew, or rebind a maximum of one lease for a particular IA option (IA_NA or IA_PD) sent by a client. RFC 8415 allows for multiple addresses or prefixes to be allocated for a single IA.
- Temporary addresses are not supported. There is no intention to ever implement this feature, as it is deprecated in RFC8415.
- Client reconfiguration (RECONFIGURE) is not yet supported.
9.18. Kea DHCPv6 server examples¶
A collection of simple-to-use examples for the DHCPv6 component of Kea is available with the source files, located in the doc/examples/kea6 directory.
9.19. Configuration Backend in DHCPv6¶
In the Kea Configuration Backend section we have described the Configuration Backend feature, its applicability, and its limitations. This section focuses on the usage of the CB with the DHCPv6 server. It lists the supported parameters, describes limitations, and gives examples of the DHCPv6 server configuration to take advantage of the CB. Please also refer to the sibling section Configuration Backend in DHCPv4 for the DHCPv4-specific usage of the CB.
9.19.1. Supported Parameters¶
The ultimate goal for the CB is to serve as a central configuration
repository for one or multiple Kea servers connected to the database. In
the future it will be possible to store most of the server’s
configuration in the database and reduce the configuration file to a bare
minimum; the only mandatory parameter will be the
config-control, which includes the necessary information to connect
to the database. In the Kea 1.6.0 release, however, only a subset of
the DHCPv4 server parameters can be stored in the database. All other
parameters must be specified in the JSON configuration file, if
required.
The following table lists DHCPv6-specific parameters supported by the Configuration Backend, with an indication on which level of the hierarchy it is currently supported. “n/a” is used in cases when a particular parameter is not applicable on a particular level of the hierarchy, or in cases when the parameter is not supported by the server at this level of the hierarchy. “no” is used when the parameter is supported by the server on the given level of the hierarchy, but is not configurable via the Configuration Backend.
All supported parameters can be configured via cb_cmds hooks library
described in the cb_cmds: Configuration Backend Commands section. The general rule is that
the scalar global parameters are set using the
remote-global-parameter6-set; the shared network-specific parameters
are set using remote-network6-set; and the subnet- and pool-level
parameters are set using remote-subnet6-set. Whenever
there is an exception to this general rule, it is highlighted in the
table. The non-scalar global parameters have dedicated commands; for example,
the global DHCPv6 options (option-data) are modified using
remote-option6-global-set.
| Parameter | Global | Shared Network | Subnet | Pool | Prefix Delegation Pool |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| calculate-tee-times | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| client-class | n/a | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| ddns-send-update | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| ddns-override-no-update | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| ddns-override-client-update | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| ddns-replace-client-name | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| ddns-generated-prefix | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| ddns-qualifying-suffix | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| decline-probation-period | yes | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| delegated-len | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | yes |
| dhcp4o6-port | yes | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| excluded-prefix | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | yes |
| excluded-prefix-len | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | yes |
| hostname-char-set | no | no | no | n/a | n/a |
| hostname-char-replacement | no | no | no | n/a | n/a |
| interface | n/a | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| interface-id | n/a | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| option-data | yes (via remote-option6-global-set) | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| option-def | yes (via remote-option-def6-set) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| preferred-lifetime | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| prefix | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | yes |
| prefix-len | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | yes |
| rapid-commit | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| rebind-timer | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| relay | n/a | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| renew-timer | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| require-client-classes | n/a | yes | yes | yes | yes |
| reservation-mode | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| t1-percent | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| t2-percent | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
| valid-lifetime | yes | yes | yes | n/a | n/a |
9.19.2. Enabling Configuration Backend¶
The following configuration snippet demonstrates how to enable the MySQL Configuration Backend for the DHCPv6 server:
{
"Dhcp6": {
"server-tag": "my DHCPv6 server",
"config-control": {
"config-databases": [
{
"type": "mysql",
"name": "kea",
"user": "kea",
"password": "kea",
"host": "2001:db8:1::1",
"port": 3302
}
],
"config-fetch-wait-time": 20
},
"hooks-libraries": [
{
"library": "/usr/local/lib/kea/hooks/libdhcp_mysql_cb.so"
},
{
"library": "/usr/local/lib/kea/hooks/libdhcp_cb_cmds.so"
}
],
...
}
}
The configuration structure is almost identical to that of the DHCPv4 server (see Enabling Configuration Backend for the detailed description).